Estimation of...Location Data_Qi LI.pdf
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1、Estimation of Lightning-Generated NOx in the Mainland of ChinaBased on Cloud-to-Ground Lightning Location DataQi LI1,2,Fengxia GUO*1,Xiaoyu JU3,Ze LIU1,Mingjun GAN1,Kun ZHANG1,and Binbin CAI11Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster,Ministry of Education(KLME)/Joint International Research Laborator
2、y ofClimate and Environment Change(ILCEC)/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation ofMeteorological Disasters(CIC-FEMD)/Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China MeteorologicalAdministration,Nanjing University of Information Science&Technology,Nanjing 210044,China2Hua
3、ngshi Meteorological Bureau,Huangshi 435002,China3Anhui meteorological disaster prevention center,Hefei 230061,China(Received 18 August 2021;revised 19 April 2022;accepted 19 May 2022)ABSTRACTLightning-generated nitrogen oxides(LNOx)have a major influence on the atmosphere and global climate change.
4、Therefore,it is of great importance to obtain a more accurate estimation of LNOx.The aim of this study is to provide areference for the accurate estimation of the total LNOx in the mainland of China based on cloud-to-ground lightning(CG)location data from 2014 to 2018.The energy of each CG flash was
5、 based on the number of return strokes per CG flash,thepeak current of each return stroke,and the assumed CG breakdown voltage.The energy of intracloud lightning(IC)wasbased on the estimated frequencies of IC and the assumed energy of each IC flash.Combining the energy of lightning andthe number of
6、nitric oxide(NO)molecules produced by unit energy(no),the total LNOx production in the mainland ofChina was determined.The LNOx in the mainland of China estimated in this study is in the range(0.1570.321)109 kg peryear Tg(N)yr1,which is on the high end of other scholars works.Negative cloud-to-groun
7、d lightning(NCG)flashesproduce the most moles of NOx,while positive cloud-to-ground lightning(PCG)flashes produce the least total moles ofNOx.The breakdown voltage of PCG is greater than that of IC or NCG,while the latter has a greater output of LNOx.Key words:cloud-to-ground lightning location,ligh
8、tning peak current,lightning breakdown voltage,nitrogen oxide(NOx)Citation:Li,Q.,F.X.Guo,X.Y.Ju,Z.Liu,M.J.Gan,K.Zhang,and B.B.Cai,2023:Estimation of lightning-generatedNOx in the mainland of China based on cloud-to-ground lightning location data.Adv.Atmos.Sci.,40(1),129143,https:/doi.org/10.1007/s00
9、376-022-1329-6.Article Highlights:Based on cloud-to-ground lightning(CG)location data,the energy of each CG flash and the frequencies of intracloudlightning(IC)were estimated.The lightning-generated nitrogen oxides(LNOx)estimation for the mainland of China is between 0.157 Tg(N)yr1 and0.321 Tg(N)yr1
10、,which is on the high end of other studies.Compared to positive cloud-to-ground lightning,intracloud lightning and negative cloud-to-ground lightning havegreater output of lightning-generated nitrogen oxides.1.IntroductionNitrogen oxides (NOx)are important to troposphericchemistry due to their role
11、as a precursor of ozone (O3)(Crutzen,1974).It should be noted that NO2 is the chemicalexpression for nitrogen dioxide.In addition,NOx can controlconcentrations of tropospheric hydroxyl radical (OH),thereby partially controlling the level of oxidants.NOx canarise from both anthropogenic and natural e
12、mission sources.The anthropogenic sources of NOx are largely known.How-ever,lightning-generated nitrogen oxides (LNOx)are stillthe source with the greatest uncertainty.In the troposphere,lightning is the largest naturalsource of NOx(Bucsela et al.,2010);however,estimates ofLNOx and its efficiency(LN
13、Ox per flash)are still quite uncer-tain(Beirle et al.,2010).Many researchers have conductedstudies focused on improving estimates of the total amount*Corresponding author:Fengxia GUOEmail:ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES,VOL.40,JANUARY 2023,129143 Original Paper Institute of Atmospheric Physics/Chin
14、ese Academy of Sciences,and Science Press and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany,part of Springer Nature 2023of LNOx(mainly LNO).By measuring the NOx generated inlaboratory long-gap discharge experiments,researchershave been able to estimate LNOx and extrapolate globalLNOx(Peyrous and Lapeyre,1982;Wang et
15、 al.,1998;Cooray et al.,2009).There are several problems with thismethod.First,the peak current and the energy of laboratorydischarges are much smaller than those of natural lightning.Second,water vapor,relative humidity,and other environmen-tal parameters also influence lightning development,but in
16、laboratory long-gap discharge experiments,these influencesare usually neglected.These factors bring great uncertaintyto the estimation of LNOx,and the results obtained by differ-ent researchers vary greatly.Most estimates of global LNOxproduction range from 28 Tg(N)yr1(Schumann andHuntrieser,2007).A
17、t present,there are few studies on LNOx estimationfor the mainland of China.Zhou and Qie(2002)extrapolatedthe total LNOx emissions in the mainland of China to be0.384 Tg(N)yr1 using the cloud-to-ground lightning(CG)location data from Guangdong,Longdong,Beijing,and north-east China.The energy of a CG
18、 flash was assumed to be6.7 109 J in the theoretical extrapolation calculation pro-posed by Price et al.(1997).However,Wang et al.(1998)sug-gested that this value was the upper limit of the energy gener-ated by a single lightning flash,which might contribute tooverestimation of the overall result.Fu
19、rthermore,the light-ning location data did not cover the whole of China,and thelightning data in the four regions may not be sufficiently rep-resentative for the whole country.Zhang et al.(2002)andDu et al.(2002)used the CG location data in northeastChina,Beijing,and Guangdong to estimate the energy
20、 ofeach lightning flash.Then,using the positive cloud-to-ground lightning(PCG)and negative cloud-to-ground light-ning(NCG)frequencies,they estimated the LNOx productionin the three areas.Compared with Zhou and Qie(2002),Zhang et al.(2002)and Du et al.(2002)obtained more param-eters by observations.H
21、owever,the CG data only includedthree local regions of China.In addition,only the amount ofCG-generated NOx was estimated,while the intracloud(IC)-generated NOx was ignored.Zhou et al.(2003)analyzed the NOx generated by naturallightning,which was observed by a ground-based NOx ana-lyzer in Datong co
22、unty of Qinghai province.They estimatedthe energy of a lightning flash as(1213)106 J.In theirresearch,only part of air entering the NOx analyzer is hot air,that is,a considerable part is ambient air,so the calculationof LNOx has very high uncertainty.In addition,the heightof thunderstorms in the Qin
23、ghaiTibet Plateau is lower andthe channel length of a lightning flash is shorter,so theLNOx amount of a lightning flash is smaller than in othersareas.Based on the total lightning data obtained by OpticalTransient Detectors(OTD),assuming the energy of a light-ning flash to be 4.5 107 J,Sun et al.(20
24、04)estimated thatthe total LNOx in China and the adjacent area is only 0.016Tg(N)yr1,an order of magnitude less than the estimate ofZhou and Qie(2002).The lightning light energy measuredby OTD is the lightning radiation light energy at the top ofthe cloud,which is absorbed and scattered by the cloud
25、,sothe measured value is smaller than the actual value.SinceSun et al.(2004)neglected the reduction of optical energycaused by the optical thickness of clouds and the inversionfrom the optical energy to the total energy,they may haveunderestimated the energy of a single lightning flash,thuscausing u
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