Changes in Wa...betan Plateau_Binghao JIA.pdf
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1、Changes in Water Use Efficiency Caused by Climate Change,CO2Fertilization,and Land Use Changes on the Tibetan PlateauBinghao JIA1,2,Xin LUO1,Longhuan WANG*1,3,4,and Xin LAI51State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics(LASG),Institute of Atmosphe
2、ric Physics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100029,China2Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters(CIC-FEMD),Nanjing University of Information Science&Technology,Nanjing 210044,China3Key Lab of Virtual Geographic Environment(Nanjing Normal University)
3、,Ministry of Education,Nanjing 210023,China4Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application,Nanjing 210023,China5Plateau Atmosphere and Environment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province,Chengdu University of Information Technology,Chengdu 610
4、225,China(Received 22 June 2022;revised 18 August 2022;accepted 24 August 2022)ABSTRACTTerrestrial ecosystem water use efficiency(WUE)is an important indicator for coupling plant photosynthesis andtranspiration,and is also a key factor linking the carbon and water cycles between the land and atmosph
5、ere.However,under the combination of climate change and human intervention,the change in WUE is still unclear,especially on theTibetan Plateau(TP).Therefore,satellite remote sensing data and process-based terrestrial biosphere models(TBMs)areused in this study to investigate the spatiotemporal varia
6、tions of WUE over the TP from 2001 to 2010.Then,the effects ofland use and land cover change(LULCC)and CO2 fertilization on WUE from 19812010 are assessed using TBMs.Results show that climate change is the leading contributor to the change in WUE on the TP,and temperature is the mostimportant factor
7、.LULCC makes a negative contribution to WUE(20.63%),which is greater than the positive contributionof CO2 fertilization(11.65%).In addition,CO2 fertilization can effectively improve ecosystem resilience on the TP.On thenorthwest plateau,the effects of LULCC and CO2 fertilization on WUE are more pron
8、ounced during the driest years thanthe annual average.These findings can help researchers understand the response of WUE to climate change and humanactivity and the coupling of the carbon and water cycles over the TP.Key words:water use efficiency,gross primary productivity,evapotranspiration,Tibeta
9、n Plateau,carbon and water cycleCitation:Jia,B.H.,X.Luo,L.H.Wang,and X.Lai,2023:Changes in water use efficiency caused by climate change,CO2fertilization,and land use changes on the Tibetan Plateau.Adv.Atmos.Sci.,40(1),144154,https:/doi.org/10.1007/s00376-022-2172-5.Article Highlights:The contributi
10、ons of CO2 fertilization and land use land cover change(LULCC)to water use efficiency(WUE)arequantitatively assessed.Land use land cover change(LULCC)makes a negative contribution to water use efficiency(WUE),while there is anopposite effect from CO2 fertilization.Temperature is the most important c
11、limate factor in determining the changes of water use efficiency(WUE).1.IntroductionPlants play an important role in terrestrial ecosystems.On one hand,vegetation releases its own water into the atmo-sphere through transpiration;on the other hand,it absorbsCO2 from the atmosphere through photosynthe
12、sis and synthe-sizes organic carbon to remain in the vegetation itself(Yanget al.,2016;Liu et al.,2020).At the ecosystem level,the car-bon-water coupling between the land and the atmosphere isoften characterized by the ratio of gross primary productivity(GPP)to evapotranspiration(ET)and is called wa
13、ter use effi-*Corresponding author:Longhuan WANGEmail:ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES,VOL.40,JANUARY 2023,144154 Original Paper Institute of Atmospheric Physics/Chinese Academy of Sciences,and Science Press and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany,part of Springer Nature 2023ciency(WUE;Huang et al.,2015).I
14、n addition,WUE is animportant parameter to describe the water adaptation strategyof plants in different growth environments.High WUE repre-sents the performance of vegetation in adapting to the environ-ment by closing stomata and reducing ET under drought con-ditions,while low WUE indicates sufficie
15、nt water or weak-ened vegetation growth(Guo et al.,2019).The Tibetan Plateau (TP),the highest plateau in theworld,is known as the Asian water tower and is also animportant ecological barrier and water conservation area forChina and Asia(Yao et al.,2017).As one of the most sensitiveareas responding t
16、o climate change,the fragile ecosystemon the TP has undergone tremendous changes(Zhang et al.,2014;Lamsal et al.,2017).Drought is one of the most seriousimpacts of climate change,affecting the carbon and watercycles of terrestrial ecosystems on a global and regionalscale(Zhao and Running,2010;Sheffi
17、eld et al.,2012;Yu etal.,2014).Water stress caused by long-term inadequatewater supply inhibits the normal growth of vegetation andreduces carbon sink,which can lead to a series of disasterssuch as grassland degradation and biological invasion(Songet al.,2019).In addition,as population and economic
18、deve-lopment increase (Li et al.,2013;Xu et al.,2016),theincreased intervention of human activities such as land useand land cover change(LULCC)and overgrazing has ledto the shrinkage and drying up of many rivers,lakes,and wet-lands,desertification,and grassland degradation,whichhave major impacts o
19、n the carbon and water cycles of theplateau (Chen et al.,2013;Li et al.,2017).It has beenreported that climate change has dominated the increase ofWUE over the TP,while human activities (populationgrowth and overgrazing)have reduced WUE(Wang et al.,2020).Terrestrial ecosystem resilience refers to th
20、e abilityof an ecosystem to maintain or restore its structure and func-tion in the face of hydroclimatic disturbances such asdrought.WUE,which represents carbon-water coupling,has been widely used as an indicator of resilience analysisto evaluate the response of terrestrial ecosystems to hydrocli-ma
21、te disturbances(Sharma and Goyal,2018a,b).Therefore,we need to further assess the impact of human activities onthe ecological resilience on the TP,which helps us understandhow human activities affect the degree of carbon-water cou-pling under drought conditions.Previous studies have pointed out the
22、significant impactof climate change and human activities on GPP and ET onthe TP.Climate change is the dominant factor causing GPPchanges;LULCC leads to the reduction of GPP,while CO2fertilization has a positive effect on GPP(Jia et al.,2020;Luo et al.,2020).Xu et al.(2016)found that ecologicalrestor
23、ation projects can promote grassland restoration,butovergrazing weakens or even offsets the positive effects of cli-mate change.Li et al.(2017)explored the impact of climatechange and human activities on ET based on MODIS data.Although WUE is jointly determined by GPP and ET,the con-tribution of cli
24、mate change and human activities to WUEchange is unclear,especially in arid and semi-arid areaswith fragile ecosystems.Liu et al.(2020)used model simula-tion data and found that GPP was the dominant factor ofWUE variability in humid regions,while ET was the domi-nant factor of WUE change in arid reg
25、ions.Fang et al.(2020)used the Budyko-Type model and found that WUEwas proportional to vegetation coverage in the arid and semi-arid Hailar River basin.For the TP,Shen et al.(2019)foundthat grazing can improve the carbon and nitrogen content,and the stomatal conductance of grassland,thus improvingth
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