祝融:神话历史的复活——四重证据法重建楚版上古史谱系(14祖).pdf
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1、4 Ye Shuxian is professor and doctoral supervisor of the Institute of Mythology at Shanghai Jiao Tong University.He is also research fellow in the Institute of Literature at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences.E-mail:Resurrecting the Mythological History of Zhurong:Reconstructing the Fourteen-Gen
2、eration Genealogy of the Chu State in High Antiquity through the Quadruple-Evidence MethodYe ShuxianAbstract:Zhurong,the legendary god of fire,has played a pivotal role in the reconstruction of the mythological history of high antiquity since the Querying Antiquity school questioned the authenticity
3、 of Chinese mythology in the early twentieth century.Adopting the quadruple-evidence method of literary anthropology,the present author reconstructs a relatively complete fourteen-generation dynastic genealogy of the state of Chu in the light of the dual evidence rejected by Sima Qian and the narrat
4、ive of the immortals coming out of the Bear Cave in The Classic of Mountains and Seas.This reconstruction begins with the immortals living in the Bear Cave of Bear Mountain,whence the celestial bear descended,connects the creation myth attributed to the celestial bear(Fuxi)in the Chu Silk Manuscript
5、,illuminates the origin of the regnal title“Youxiong”of Shaodian and the Yellow Emperor,and thus explains the whys and wherefores of the Xiong family of Chu kings since Zhuanxu,Laotong,and Zhurong.Finally,using the third and fourth layers of evidence,the author sheds light on the mythology of the ce
6、lestial bear riding the dragon back and forth between earth and heaven and traces it back to the totemic belief in the bear in Paleolithic Europe,Asia,and the Americas,thus clarifying the prototype of the celestial bear mythology.Keywords:Zhurong,riding the dragon,descending from Heaven,celestial be
7、ar,Fuxi,Shaodian,Youxiong,Yellow EmperorThe traditional history of Chinese high antiquity as told in the“Annals of Five Emperors”五帝本纪 of The Grand Scribes Records 史记 was thought to be overturned and disproved in the early twentieth century by the Querying Antiquity school,a group of radical Chinese
8、historians who questioned the authenticity of Chinese mythology.Precisely because of their work,the traditional history of early ancient times before the Shang(16001046 BCE)and Zhou(1046256 BCE)dynasties was denigrated as mere myth or pseudohistory.In the wake of the reform and opening up,literary a
9、nthropology gradually 5came to the fore in China,leading the way in the application of the quadruple-evidence method,an interdisciplinary endeavor.1 It is through this new method that present-day Chinese scholars of humanities and social sciences can make full use of new research materials and,in do
10、ing so,go beyond both Sima Qians 司马迁(b.ca.145 BCE)limitations and the Querying Antiquity schools prejudices.The present paper,having its argument based on a heterogenous chain of evidence,reconstructs the complete dynastic genealogy of the state of Chu in high antiquity,beginning with the myth of th
11、e celestial bear and revolving around Laotong 老童,Zhurong 祝融,and Xuexiong 穴熊.It goes further to reconstruct the unbroken fourteen-generation ancestry of Chu kings consisting of Xiongyi 熊绎 and his predecessors before the creation of the enfeoffed state of Chu in the reign of King Cheng of Zhou(r.10421
12、021 BCE).It attempts to show how the ten-thousand-year-old bear totem in prehistoric Europe,Asia,and America prepared the way with significant cultural genes for five thousand years of Chinese history,and to explain what the academic impact of the rediscovery of these ten-thousand-year-old cultural
13、genes will be.The reconstructed fourteen-generation ancestry of Chu is as follows:(1)The celestial bear descended from Heaven.According to“The Classic of the Central Mountains”中山经 of The Classic of Mountains and Seas 山海经 and the Bamboo Slips of the Warring States collected by Anhui University,the Be
14、ar Cave on Bear Mountain was inhabited by immortals and was open in summer and shut in winter.(2)According to the unearthed Chu Silk Manuscript,the celestial bear,known as Fuxi 伏羲,created the World.The celestial bear,as explained in Qu Yuans 屈原(ca.340ca.278 BCE)“Questions to Heaven”天问,was an immorta
15、l who rode a dragon back and forth between heaven and earth.(3)Shaodian 少典 was the son of Fuxi,according to the inscriptions on the Stele of the Temple of Three Sovereigns,and founded the state of Youxiong(有熊),as related in the New-Text Bamboo Annals 今本竹书纪年 and Qiao Zhous 谯周(ca.201270)comments on Th
16、e Grand Scribes Records.(4)Shaodian sired the Yellow Emperor,who inherited Shaodians regnal title of Youxiong.This can be corroborated by the“Discourses of the State of Jin”晋语 in the Discourses of the States 国语,the“Virtues of Five Emperors”五帝德,and The Grand Scribes Records.(5)Zhuanxu 颛顼 was the gran
17、dson of the Yellow Emperor,also known as Xuandi(Emperor of the North),God of the North,and God of Winter,according to the“Virtues of Five Emperors,”the“Genealogy of Emperors”帝系,and The Grand Scribes Records.1 The basic theoretical innovation of literary anthropology was to advocate an integrated stu
18、dy that broke down the boundaries between literature,history,philosophy,art,religion,and politics.In the face of the conventional disciplinary division between literature and history,literary anthropologists advocated integrated concepts such as the mythological history,meaning that since there was
19、no purely objective,scientific history in ancient times,all historical narratives must be subjected to the mythological view of the universe and history of the time and historical narrative must be mythological.Literary anthropologists have been methodologically creative,proposing a triple-evidence
20、method in 1994,followed by a quadruple version in 2005.As far as the present paper is concerned,a large number of newly unearthed Chu bamboo slips,into which it delves,provide the first two layers of evidence;popular beliefs and oral mythologies and rituals are the third layer;and excavated objects(
21、especially images)form the fourth layer.Such an evidence-based study constitutes a true reconstruction of cultural history.See Ye Shuxian 叶舒宪,“Investigation and Expectation of Evidentiary Methods Applied to Conventional Chinese Textual Criticism:Proceeding from One-Dimensional Evidence to Quadruple
22、Evidence”国学考据学的证据法研究及展望从一重证据法到四重证据法,Evidence Science 证据科学,no.4(2009):389404;Ye Shuxian,A Course in Literary Anthropology 文学人类学教程(Beijing:China Social Sciences Press,2010),343409;Yang Li 杨骊 and Ye Shuxian,eds.,A Study of the Quadruple-Evidence Method 四重证据法研究(Shanghai:Fudan University Press,2019).Resu
23、rrecting the Mythological History of Zhurong6(6)Laotong,whom Sima Qian mistook for Juanzhang 卷章,was the son of Zhuanxu,according to“The Classic of the Great Wilderness:The West”大荒西经 of The Classic of Mountains and Seas.The present paper treats this story as saying that the bear ended its hibernation
24、 and walked out of the cave,meaning metaphorically that an immortal descended from Heaven.Laotong was also known as Qitong 耆童,an immortal who could renew his youth.For more details,readers can consult“The Classic of the Western Mountains”西山经 of The Classic of Mountains and Seas.(7)Laotong(the bear)f
25、athered Chongli 重黎,the official who regulated fire,who was also known as Zhurong(the bear),according to The Grand Scribes Records.The Chu Silk Manuscript and the“Discourses of the Kingdom of Zhou”周语 of the Discourses of the States indicate that Zhurong was the God of the South,an immortal descending
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