1120-273705-en-1100788.pdf
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1、 Biotechnological Journal of Environmental Microorganisms(BJEM)1(3)2022 127-134AbstractKey words:*The Acute Toxicity of Tin Dioxide Nanoparticles on Chlorella vulgaris AlgaeFatemeh Shariati1*,Mahrooz Ziksari1,Zohreh Ramazapour21Department of Environment,Lahijan Branch,Islamic Azad University,Lahijan
2、,Iran2International Research Institute of Sturgeons,Rasht,IranReceived:15 May 2023/Revised:30 June 2023/Accepted:1 July 2023 Corresponding Author E-mail:shariat_Nowadays,nanotechnology and the use of its components,including nanoparticles,have successfully im-proved the situation of industries in ad
3、vancing production goals.Among these nanoparticles,SnO2,or tin dioxide nanoparticle,which was used in this study,can be mentioned.Tin dioxide is used in the manufacture of batteries and fuel cells,capacitors,and the negative effects of factory effluents entering rivers and other water sources will a
4、ffect catalysts,and the health of living organisms.In this study,the biotoxicity of tin oxide nanoparticles on Chlorella vulgaris algae,which is one of the primary producers and most important levels of the food chain,was investigated.This research was conducted using the OECD acute toxicity test me
5、thod(counting method for algae,method 201),and statistical probit analysis was performed in order to obtain tox-icity data using the probit method.The results of exposure for Chlorella vulgaris in 48 and 72 hours were EC50 and EC90 equal to 6.99,57.54,and 13.08 and 1.07 x 1010 mg L-1,respectively.Th
6、e highest growth decrease after 48 and 72 hours was observed in 5.5 mg L-1 SnO2NPs.During the test period,no morphological changes were observed for any of the microorganisms,which are based on the toxicity of tin oxide nanoparticles.Algae,Chlorella vulgaris,Tin oxide nanoparticle,ToxicityArchive of
7、 SID.irArchive of SID.irBiotechnological Journal of Environmental Microorganisms(BJEM)1(3)2022 127-1341281.IntroductionNanotoxicology is one of the new branches of science that studies and investigates the toxicity potential of micromaterials and microparticles.Breaking the solid material and turnin
8、g it into small particles causes the particles to shrink and increase their overall surface area,which can re-veal the emerging properties of such materials.As the particle size decreases to 0.1 nm,quantum effects also appear(Ranjbar et al.,2006).SnO2 is an n-type semi-conducting nanoparticle whose
9、capacity to destroy colored environmental pol-lutants is known(Khedmati,2013).Metal oxide nanoparticles have recently been manufactured in industries at the engineering level with large-scale effects(Pendashteh et al.,2011).Tin oxide nanoparticles(SnO2 NPs)are one such material that has seen widespr
10、ead use in a variety of ap-plications,including electronics,solar cells,and coatings.SnO2 NPs can act as a photocatalyst for the degradation of pigments in colored materi-als.These nanoparticles can also be used in the decontamination of dye-contaminated water in textile factory effluents.With the a
11、dvancement of nanotechnology science and the increase in the use of nanopar-ticles,it is expected that the consequences of re-leasing wastewater containing nanoparticles into the environment will emerge.The first group of organisms to be affected by these events are al-gae,which form the first group
12、 in the food chain.Chlorella vulgaris is a group of green algae.The members of this group are very diverse in terms of morphological forms,reproduction methods,life cycles,and habits,and structurally they have very advanced examples(Kianmehr,2005).Chlorella vulgaris is a freshwater alga that has a w
13、ide distribution and is a good species for bi-otoxicity tests(Auffan et al.,2011).The studies reported a range of negative impacts of SnO2 on aquatic organisms,including reduced growth and survival,altered behavior,and changes in bio-chemical and physiological parameters(Ahamed et al.,2016;Chvez-Cal
14、dern et al.,2016;Park&Park,2009;Wang et al.,2019;Zhang et al.,2019).Bounnit et al.(2022)studied the effects of SnO2 NPs on Picochlorum maculatum and ob-served that these nanoparticles had a toxic effect on algae growth.Also,it was observed that low-er doses had more negative impacts than high-er dos
15、es because of nanoparticle agglomeration,which resulted in a reduced effect on cell mor-phology and appearance.Protein production was inhibited,too(Bounnit et al.,2022).The long-term effects of SnO2 exposure on aquatic organ-isms are not yet fully understood,but several studies suggest that chronic
16、exposure to SnO2 can have negative impacts on growth,reproduction,and survival.It is mentioned that intracellular ROS accumulation decrease of photosystem II(PSII)in algae were observed in microalgae(P.subcapitata)exposed to SnO2 NPs.Also,different biological models have been described showing that
17、SnO2 produced and ac-cumulated significantly more intracellular ROS than control with the consequent cell oxidative disturbances,including lipid peroxidation and cell membrane damage(loss of integrity),an overwhelmed antioxidant defense system,re-duced mitochondrial function,chromatin con-densation,
18、DNA damage,and cell death through the apoptotic pathway.It was observed that the viability of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells was reduced in a dose-dependent way when ex-posed to SnO2(Soares&Soares,2021).A study by Poynton et al.(2013)found that chronic exposure to SnO2 NPs reduced the growth a
19、nd production of Daphnia magna,a common freshwater invertebrate.Similarly,Yu et al.(2020)reported that chronic exposure to SnO2 NPs causes significant damage to the gill filaments and liver tissues of Clarias gariepinus,a freshwater fish.Other studies have suggested that chronic exposure to SnO2 NPs
20、 can lead to changes in biochemical and physiological pa-rameters,indicating potential sublethal effects on aquatic organisms.For example,Lu et al.(2015)found that chronic exposure to SnO2 NPs caused oxidative stress and apoptosis in the liver of ze-brafish.Overall,the long-term effects of SnO2 NPs
21、exposure on aquatic organisms are likely to depend on a variety of factors,including the dose and duration of exposure,the species and life stage of the organism,and the environmen-tal conditions in which the organism lives.The Archive of SID.irArchive of SID.irBiotechnological Journal of Environmen
22、tal Microorganisms(BJEM)1(3)2022 127-134129mechanisms through which SnO2 impacts aquat-ic organisms include physical interactions,such as obstruction of gill filaments in fish,and chem-ical interactions,such as the release of toxic ions from SnO2 NPs.Navaro et al.(2008)and Adams et al.(2006)studied
23、the toxicity of silver nanoparticles and nanooxides of titanium,zinc,and silicon,re-spectively.In their research,Mouivand and Fal-lahi investigated the effect of nanosilver on the growth rate and reproduction of blue-green al-gae(Anabaena flosaquae)for 3 months in 2010(Mouivand&Fallahi,2010).A study
24、 was carried out in 2012 with the aim of determining the acute toxicity of zinc oxide nanoparticles on two algae,Scenedesmus dimorphus and Chlorella vulgar-is(Pendashteh et al.,2011).In an investigation,freshwater algae(P.subcapitata)were exposed to 25 to 600 mgL-1 zinc oxide nanoparticles for 72 ho
25、urs(Tsai et al.,2007).Undoubtedly,SnO2 NPs will be used in the wastewater of factories and industries during the waste production process,and considering the irreparable risks they have on water damage,especially at the initial levels of the food chain,this research related to the toxicity of tin di
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