2022年人工智能促进健康中的年龄歧视问题.pdf
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1、1CHAPTER 01G L O B A L R E P O R T O N2GLOBAL REPORT ON AGEISMG L O B A L R E P O R T O NGlobal report on ageismISBN 978-92-4-001686-6(electronic version)ISBN 978-92-4-001687-3(print version)World Health Organization 2021Some rights reserved.This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribut
2、ion-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence(CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO).Under the terms of this licence,you may copy,redistribute and adapt the work for non-commercial purposes,provided the work is appropriately cited,as indicated below.In any use of this work,there should be no suggestion that WHO endors
3、es any specific organization,products or services.The use of the WHO logo is not permitted.If you adapt the work,then you must license your work under the same or equivalent Creative Commons licence.If you create a translation of this work,you should add the following disclaimer along with the sugge
4、sted citation:“This translation was not created by the World Health Organization(WHO).WHO is not responsible for the content or accuracy of this translation.The original English edition shall be the binding and authentic edition”.Any mediation relating to disputes arising under the licence shall be
5、conducted in accordance with the mediation rules of the World Intellectual Property Organization(http:/www.wipo.int/amc/en/mediation/rules/).Suggested citation.Global report on ageism.Geneva:World Health Organization;2021.Licence:CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.Cataloguing-in-Publication(CIP)data.CIP data are a
6、vailable at http:/apps.who.int/iris.Sales,rights and licensing.To purchase WHO publications,see http:/apps.who.int/bookorders.To submit requests for commercial use and queries on rights and licensing,see http:/www.who.int/about/licensing.Third-party materials.If you wish to reuse material from this
7、work that is attributed to a third party,such as tables,figures or images,it is your responsibility to determine whether permission is needed for that reuse and to obtain permission from the copyright holder.The risk of claims resulting from infringement of any third-party-owned component in the wor
8、k rests solely with the user.General disclaimers.The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of WHO concerning the legal status of any country,territory,city or area or of its authorities,or conc
9、erning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.Dotted and dashed lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement.The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommend-ed by WHO
10、in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned.Errors and omissions excepted,the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters.All reasonable precautions have been taken by WHO to verify the information contained in this publication.However,the publis
11、hed material is being distributed without warranty of any kind,either expressed or implied.The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader.In no event shall WHO be liable for damages arising from its use.Designed by Blossom.itFront and back cover photography cr
12、edits:Colby Ray/Unsplash Mathilda Khoo/UnsplashAzrul Shahrani/Unsplash Kazi Mizan/UnsplashCHAPTER 01CONTENTSMESSAGE BY THE UNITED NATIONS SECRETARY-GENERAL VIIPREFACE IXACKNOWLEDGEMENTS XIABBREVIATIONS XIIIEXECUTIVE SUMMARY XVINTRODUCTION XIX01.THE NATURE OF AGEISM 11.1 Defining ageism 21.2 How agei
13、sm works and how it arises 81.3 Ageism and other-isms 91.4 Conclusions and future directions 1202.THE SCALE OF AGEISM AGAINST OLDER PEOPLE 212.1 Institutional ageism 222.2 Interpersonal ageism 312.3 Self-directed ageism 362.4 Conclusions and future directions 3703.THE IMPACT OF AGEISM AGAINST OLDER
14、PEOPLE 473.1 The impact of ageism on health 483.2 The economic impact of ageism 543.3 Conclusions and future directions 5604.THE DETERMINANTS OF AGEISM AGAINST OLDER PEOPLE 654.1 Determinants of interpersonal ageism 674.2 Determinants of self-directed ageism 724.3 Conclusions and future directions 7
15、305.THE SCALE,IMPACT AND DETERMINANTS OF AGEISM AGAINST YOUNGER PEOPLE 815.1 The scale of ageism against younger people 825.2 The impact of ageism against younger people 845.3 The determinants of ageism against younger people 865.4 Conclusions and future directions 88VGLOBAL REPORT ON AGEISMGLOBAL R
16、EPORT ON AGEISM06.STRATEGY 1:POLICY AND LAW 936.1 What they are and how they work 946.2 How well they work 966.3 Examples 976.4 Key characteristics and costs 1016.5 Conclusions and future directions 10207.STRATEGY 2:EDUCATIONAL INTERVENTIONS 1137.1 What they are and how they work 1147.2 How well the
17、y work 1157.3 Examples 1167.4 Key characteristics and costs 1187.5 Conclusions and future directions 12008.STRATEGY 3:INTERGENERATIONAL CONTACT INTERVENTIONS 1258.1 What they are and how they work 1268.2 How well they work 1278.3 Examples 1288.4 Key characteristics and costs 1328.5 Conclusions and f
18、uture directions 13409.PROMISING STRATEGIES 1399.1 Campaigns 1409.2 Potential strategies for mitigating the impact of ageism 1459.3 Conclusions and future directions 14610.THE WAY FORWARD 15310.1 Recommendation 1:invest in evidence-based strategies to prevent and respond to ageism 15410.2 Recommenda
19、tion 2:improve data and research to gain a better understanding of ageism and how to reduce it 15710.3 Recommendation 3:build a movement to change the narrative around age and ageing 15910.4 Conclusions 161GLOSSARY 163INDEX 169V IMESSAGE BY THE UNITED NATIONS SECRETARY-GENERALAgeism is widespread in
20、 institutions,laws and policies across the world.It damages individual health and dignity as well as economies and societies writ large.It denies people their human rights and their ability to reach their full potential.Despite its pervasive nature and harmful impacts,ageism still lacks a solid know
21、ledge base of dedicated research,information,disaggregated data and systematic trends analysis.This new Global report on ageism fills this gap and underscores the need to adopt a forward-thinking,rights-based approach that addresses the underlying societal,legislative and policy structures that supp
22、ort long-standing assumptions about age across the life course.The COVID-19 pandemic has had a devastating impact on older persons.Intergenerational solidarity must be a touchstone in our efforts to recover.Older persons have also made important contributions to the crisis response,as health workers
23、 and caregivers.Women,for instance,are over-represented among both older persons and among the paid and unpaid care workers who look after them.My policy brief on older persons and COVID-19,released in May 2020,highlights the need to recognize the multiple roles that older persons have in society as
24、 caregivers,volunteers and community leaders and underscores the importance of listening to the voices of people of all ages,valuing their contributions and ensuring their meaningful participation in decision-making.Addressing ageism is critical for creating a more equal world in which the dignity a
25、nd rights of every human being are respected and protected.This is at the heart of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development,the worlds agreed blueprint for building a future of peace and prosperity for all on a healthy planet.In that spirit,I commend this report to a wide global audience and look
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