荧光碳点的合成、发光机制、...WLEDs中的应用(英文)_岳劲松.pdf
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1、Cite this:NewCarbonMaterials,2023,38(3):478-495DOI:10.1016/S1872-5805(23)60742-5A review of fluorescent carbon dots:synthesis,photoluminescencemechanism,solid-state photoluminescence and applications in whitelight-emitting diodesYUEJing-song1,YUANFang-yu1,QIUHan-xun1,*,LIYing1,LIJing1,XUEYu-hua1,YAN
2、GJun-he2(1.School of Materials Science and Engineering,University of Shanghai for Science and Technology,Shanghai 200093,China;2.Shanghai Jian Qiao University,Shanghai 201306,China)Abstract:Carbonnanomaterialswithasizeoflessthan10nm,fluorescentcarbondots(CDs),havebeenextensivelyinvestig-ated,duetoth
3、eirexcellentfluorescencetunability,goodbiocompatibility,widerangeofprecursorsandlowcost.Moreover,theirsimplepreparationandexcellentperformanceprovideforawiderangeofapplicationsinthefieldsofopticalsensing,energystorage,biomedicalimaging,andwhitelight-emittingdiodes(WLEDs).Alargenumberofsolid-statepho
4、toluminescentCDshaverecentlybeendevelopedandusedinWLEDs.ThesynthesisstrategiesofCDsarebrieflysummarizedandtheirphotoluminescencemechan-ismsarereviewedaswellastherecentprogressfortheiruseinWLEDs.Finally,prospectsforsolvingthecurrentproblemsandchal-lengesofCDsforWLEDsarebrieflypresentedanddiscussed.Ke
5、y words:Carbondots;Photoluminescence;Solid-statephotoluminescence;WLEDs1IntroductionWorking as a new type of high-efficient light-emittingsource,whitelight-emittingdiodes(WLEDs)openupatechnicalfieldforthelightingindustryandarefarsuperiortotraditionalincandescentlampsintermsofluminousefficiencyandper
6、formance.Typic-ally,there are two routes currently to fabricateWLEDs:Coatingavarietyofmonochromaticphos-phorsonUVchips12orusingphosphorsbybluelight technology to form white light3.Previously,rareearthphosphorswerewidelyusedasthemain-streamluminescentmaterialinWLEDs4.However,thehighcostandtoxicityofr
7、areearthmaterialsseri-ouslyhinderetheir further development.It is there-foreofgreatsignificancetofindanewgreenlumines-cent material with low cost,low toxicity,and withhighphotoluminescence(PL),sothatitcouldbeex-ploitedonalargescale.Asanovelzero-dimensional(0D)carbonnano-materialsdiscoveredin20045,ca
8、rbondotsconsistofacarbonizedcoreandavarietyoffunctionalgroupsonsurfaces,whichareoftenaccompaniedbythedop-ingofheteroatomsincludingB,N,PandS610.Com-paredtotraditionalrareearthluminescentphosphor,CDsfeaturebrightluminescence,easeofpreparationand surface-functionalization,good biocompatibilityaswellasl
9、owcostandlowtoxicity.Thesecharacter-isticsmakeCDssignificantintheapplicationfieldsinvolvingbiology1115,chemicalsensing1618andop-toelectronics1921.AlthoughCDshavebeencatchingconsiderableattentionaslightsourcesforWLEDsandgreat progresses have been made so far,solid-stateCDsstillfaceenormouschallengesa
10、slight-emittingmaterials due to the aggregation-caused quenching(ACQ)effect22.Therefore,currently numerous ef-fortshavebeendevotedtoinhibittheACQeffectandenhance the optical properties of light-emittingdevices,asmaygreatlypromotethedevelopmentandapplicationofCDsinWLEDs.Recently,althoughafewreviewsha
11、vesummar-ized the preparation,luminescence mechanism andapplicationofCDs2325,therealizationofsolid-statefluorescenceofCDsandtheirapplicationsinWLEDshave seldom demonstrated in detail.Herein,webrieflyoverviewtherecentadvancesinthesolid-stateReceived date:2023-03-20;Revised date:2023-04-24Correspondin
12、g author:QIUHan-xun,AssociateProfessor.E-mail:Author introduction:YUEJing-song,MasterStudent.E-mail:第38卷第3期新型炭材料(中英文)Vol.38No.32023年6月NEWCARBONMATERIALSJun.2023photoluminescenceofCDs,andhighlighttheirapplic-ationsinWLEDs,particularlyfocusingonthecurrentproblemsandfutureprospects.Typically,inthefirst
13、section,abriefintroductiontothesynthesisandpre-parationofCDsisaddressed,secondlyfollowedbythe demonstration of photoluminescence mechanismofCDsandthesolid-statephotoluminescence.Inthethirdsection,theapplicationsinWLEDsweredemon-stratedindetail.Finally,thecurrentchallengesofsol-id-stateCDsinWLEDappli
14、cationsandthefeasibleperspectiveswerepresentedaswell.2SynthesisofCDsThemorphology,sizeanddegreeofcarboniza-tionofCDsareintimatelyinfluencedbypreparationmethods.Accordingly,anydifferenceinstructuremaysignificantlyaffectstheperformanceofCDsinapplic-ations.Therefore,preparationtechniquesofCDsarecritica
15、llyimportant.Since CD was discovered,re-searchers have been pursuing simple,efficient andlarge-scaletechniquetoprepareCDsofhigh-quality.Specifically,two types of strategies have been de-velopedtoobtainCDs,namely“Top-down”and“Bot-tom-up”approachesasshowninFig.1(a-crefersto“Top-down”andd-frefersto“Bot
16、tom-up”).Top-down means to cut and destroy largegraphenestructuresofgrapheneoxide(GO),graphenenanosheets,carbon nanotubes(CNTs)etc.by eitherphysical26orchemicaltechniquestoobtainCDs.Themethodsinvolved,suchasarcdischarge5,27,laserab-lation2831,electrochemicalsynthesis3236andsoon,couldefficientlytrans
17、formlargecarbonstructuresin-to CDs.However,the commonly used advancedequipment or unique technologies result in highercosts of CDs.CDs synthesized by the“Top-down”strategypossessexcellentgraphenestructure,butthesurfacesarelessfunctionalizedwithchemicalgroups.As a result,the-stacking interaction may
18、occurbetweenthese CDs,which in turn leads to the de-creaseoffluorescenceefficiency.Whilethe“Bottom-up”referstotheapproachtoobtainCDsbypyrolysisorcarbonizationofcarbon-containingprecursorsuponchemicaltreatments.Thecarbonsourcesofthe“Bottom-up”approachareex-tensive,rangingfromsmallorganicmoleculesorol
19、i-PEG1500N(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)a)b)(f)Emission frompassivated surfacePEGsex=365 nmCAH2OoPDEthanolH2SO4180 oC 9 h150 oC 9 h200 oC 9 h180 oC 9 hex=365 nmex=365 nmex=365 nmb-CDsy-CDsyg-CDsr-CDsArcing400500600Ex 325 nmEm 407 nm300315325335350PL Intensity/(a.u.)Wavelength/nmElectrochemical10 V,2 hBoron doped G
20、QDsB dopedgrapheneGlucosamineUreaDI water80604020DI water80604020PyrolysisN-CQDsN-CQDs/ZnO180 oC 5 minPyrolysis180 oC 5 minGlucosamineZinc acetateUreaPEIGAMicrowaveElectrochemicalsynthesisMicrowave-assistedsynthesisPyrolysis methodHydrothermalmethodLaser ablationArc dischargeFig.1Approachestoprepare
21、CDs:“Top-down”and“Bottom-up”,(a)laserablation28,(b)arcdischarge27,(c)electrochemicalsynthesis33,(d)microwave-assistedsynthesis47,(e)pyrolysisofprecursors54,(f)hydrothermalmethod39.(Reprintedwithpermission)第3期YUEJing-songetal:Areviewoffluorescentcarbondots:synthesis,photoluminescencemechanism479gomer
22、sofcitricacid,urea,polyethyleneglycoltocar-bon-enrichedprecursorsoftea,orangepeelandoth-ersbiomassmaterials.Themostlyusedtechniquesin-clude hydrothermal/solvothermal method3744,mi-crowave-assistedsynthesis4549andpyrolysismethod5055,etc.Comparedtothe“Top-down”strate-gy,CDspreparedbythe“Bottom-up”feat
23、ureahigh-erquantumyield(QY),awidersourceofprecursors,andlowercosts.Inparticular,thehydrothermal/solvo-thermalmethodisregardedasoneofthemostsimpleand inexpensive technique.In these techniques,theprecursorisdissolvedinwaterororganicsolventandplacedinaspeciallydesignedreactionvessel.Thefol-lowingcarbon
24、ization of the precursor is accom-plishedunder high temperature and pressure condi-tions.Byoptimizing precursor species,solvent,andthereactionparametersoftemperatureandtime,thecompositionandPLcolorofCDscanbewellregu-lated.TheCDssynthesizedby“Bottom-up”approachpossessmoresurfacefunctionalgroups,soahi
25、gherQYcanbeachieved.However,theas-receivedmater-ials are often accompanied by many by-products inthe synthesis process.The subsequent post-purifica-tion procedures become necessary to improve thefluorescenceperformance.3 Photoluminescence mechanism ofCDsExcellentfluorescenceemissionisthemostin-heren
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