柿多倍体育种研究进展.pdf
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1、DOI:10.13925/ki.gsxb.20220655柿多倍体育种研究进展蒲婷婷1,2,张琦1,2,王艺儒1,孙鹏1,白玉娥2,索玉静1*,傅建敏1(1中国林业科学研究院经济林研究所,郑州 450003;2内蒙古农业大学林学院,呼和浩特 010018)摘要:柿是中国重要的经济林树种之一,绝大部分栽培品种为六倍体,极少数日本品种为九倍体。通过自然选育或人工创制培育的柿九倍体品种,凭其优良的综合性状表现,展现出极大的利用价值和发展潜力,同时表明多倍体育种是柿创新优异种质、选育突破性良种的重要途径。通过对国内外利用2n配子、体细胞染色体加倍、胚乳培养、原生质体融合等途径诱导柿多倍体的育种研究进展
2、,以及形态学、染色体计数、流式细胞仪法等倍性鉴定方法的应用情况进行综述,总结了近年来柿多倍体育种成果。就目前柿多倍体育种技术中存在的问题进行了讨论,并对未来研究方向进行了展望,以期为其他经济林树种多倍体育种提供有益的启示。关键词:柿;多倍体育种;2n配子;胚乳培养;倍性鉴定中图分类号:S665.2文献标志码:A文章编号:1009-9980(2023)08-1741-09收稿日期:2022-12-26接受日期:2023-04-14基金项目:国家重点研发计划(2019YFD1001200)作者简介:蒲婷婷,女,在读硕士研究生,研究方向:经济林育种。Tel:13208108539,E-mail:*通
3、信作者Author for correspondence.Tel:15286822378,E-mail:果树学报2023,40(8):1741-1749Journal of Fruit ScienceResearch advances and prospects in polyploid breeding of persimmonPU Tingting1,2,ZHANG Qi1,2,WANG Yiru1,SUN Peng1,BAI Yu e2,SUO Yujing1*,FU Jianmin1(1Research Institute of Non-Timber Forestry,Chinese
4、Academy of Forestry,Zhengzhou 450003,Henan,China;2College of Forestry,In-ner Mongolia Agricultural University,Hohhot 010018,Inner Mongolia,China)Abstract:Persimmon is one of the important economic forest species in China.Its leaves and fruits con-tain a large number of active ingredients such as tan
5、nins,sugars and phenols,which makes it of great ap-plication value and broad development prospect in food,health care,medicine and chemical industry.The majority of persimmon cultivars are hexaploid(2n=6x=90),and a few Japanese cultivars are non-aploid(2n=9x=135),such as Diospyros kaki Hiratanenashi
6、 and D.kaki Fukuoka K.1 Gou-Akiou.The natural or artificial nonaploid varieties of persimmon showed great utilization value and develop-ment potential by virtue of their excellent comprehensive traits,which also indicated that ploidy breed-ing is an important way to create excellent new germplasms a
7、nd breed breakthrough varieties of persim-mon.At present,great progress has been made in the polyploid breeding of persimmon at home andabroad,especially in Japan,which has created an excellent new nonaploid sweet persimmon variety Fu-kuoka K.1 Gou-Akiou by using 2n gametes.D.kakiAkioutastes like D.
8、kakiTaishuu,but it iswith better coloring and fewer stripes on the fruit surface,the comprehensive quality is better than Tai-shuu,and it is the best sweet persimmon variety in Japan.Some persimmon varieties can naturally form2n pollen,such as D.kaki Yamato-gosho(6.3%),D.kaki Ama-yotsumizo(15.5%),an
9、d the Japa-nese sweet persimmon variety D.kaki Fujiwaragosho can naturally form a high frequency of 2n eggs.Hybridization with naturally occurring 2n pollen or 2n eggs is expected to produce new nonaploid germ-plasm.However,due to the influence of environment and genotype,the proportion of 2n gamete
10、 is rela-tively low and it competes with normal pollens,resulting in low efficiency of polyploid induction,which cannot meet the breeding requirements for creating a new germplasm of sweet persimmon withnonaploids.Therefore,a higher proportion of 2n pollens artificially induced by physicochemical me
11、th-果树学报第40卷ods is expected to improve the efficiency of polyploid breeding.At present,many studies have reportedthe use of colchicine or high or low temperature to induce persimmon 2n pollens,with the highest in-duction rate of 46%,but there is no report on the use of induced 2n pollens hybridizatio
12、n to create anew persimmon germplasm of nonaploidy.In addition,there is no study on inducing 2n female gametesin persimmon by physicochemical treatment.Some progress has been made in inducing polyploid per-simmon by physical and chemical treatment of somatic chromosome doubling.Dodecaploid plants ha
13、vebeen successfully induced by colchicine treatment of persimmon leaves or seeds in vitro.The cross be-tween dodecaploid and hexaploid persimmon is an effective way to obtain nonaploid persimmon.There-fore,dodecaploid plants are also important breeding parent materials.Endosperm of angiosperms is th
14、eproduct of double fertilization and belongs to triploid tissue.Theoretically,endosperm culture can di-rectly obtain intra-species triploid plants.The endosperm culture of different persimmon varieties,suchas D.kaki Heishi,D.kaki Changliang and D.kaki Luotiantianshi,has not obtained the nonaploidpla
15、nts,but obtained the dodecaploid plants,indicating that the number of chromosomes in the endo-sperm callus cells changed during the culture process,and it is easy to obtain the dodecaploid or chime-ra,but it is difficult to obtain the ideal nonaploid new germplasm.Polyploid plants can be obtained by
16、protoplast fusion technology.The protoplasts of two hexaploid varieties,D.kaki Jiro and D.kaki Su-ruga,were fused by electrofusion technology,and dodecaploid was obtained within the species.In ad-dition,for the identification of persimmon ploidy,due to the large and small number of chromosomes,appro
17、priate materials should be considered in the chromosome counting method,such as the more ac-tive mitotic tissues at root tips and stem tips.These tissues are more difficult to obtain than the leaves re-quired by flow cytometry,and the operation requires mastering certain skills,which is difficult an
18、d time-consuming.Therefore,the ploidy of a large number of materials can be preliminarily identified by flowcytometry,and the key candidate materials can be accurately identified by chromosome counting meth-od.Although some progress has been made in multiple ploidy breeding methods,there are still s
19、omeproblems that lead to the low efficiency of the ploidy sports.So far,no new polyploid varieties havebeen bred in China.Therefore,it is necessary to strengthen the research in the following aspects:First,while the high induction efficiency of 2n pollen is ensured,it is necessary to study the separ
20、ation meth-od of 2n pollen that can maintain high vitality,so as to improve the utilization efficiency of 2n pollen.Secondly,2n female gametes have no competition problems,and seeds can be obtained immediately af-ter pollination with higher utilization value.Therefore,the induction and utilization o
21、f 2n female gam-etes should be strengthened.Thirdly,by studying the formation mechanism of 2n gametes and analyz-ing related genes and regulatory mechanisms,not only can genetic improvement of existing materialsbe carried out through molecular design breeding to enable them to spontaneously form a h
22、igh propor-tion of 2n gametes,but also related linked molecular markers can be developed to screen out high-yield-ing plants with 2n gametes and promote the efficient utilization of 2n gametes in breeding.Therefore,how to combine molecular breeding techniques with ploidy breeding to accelerate the p
23、rogress of per-simmon genetic improvement is an urgent problem to be further discussed and studied,and is also thedevelopment direction of persimmon breeding in the future.Key words:Persimmon;Ploidy breeding;2n gamete;Endosperm culture;Identification of ploidy多倍体是指含有3套或者3套以上完整染色体组的生物体,自然界中大部分植物都经历过多
24、倍化事件,如小麦、棉花、油菜等重要的粮棉油作物,苹果、猕猴桃、香蕉等果树,果桑、油茶、柿等经济林树种都是典型的多倍体。多倍体植物通常会表现出生长迅速、细胞及部分器官巨大、新陈代谢旺盛、某些1742,等:柿多倍体育种研究进展第8期品种栽培面积 比例富有335327%富有27%平核无226918%平核无18%刀根早生217118%刀根早生18%甲州百目10619%甲州百目9%松本早生富有7036%松本早生富有6%早生系次郎4844%早生系次郎4%市田柿4694%市田柿4%太秋3183%太秋3%西条3103%西条3%次郎3042%次郎2%其他8537%其他7%12295甲州百目9%松本早生富有6%早
25、生系次郎4%市田柿4%太秋3%西条2%次郎2%A.平核无在日本的栽培面积占比情况;B.平核无结果树;C.平核无结果枝;D.平核无果实。A.The proportion of cultivated area of Hiratanenashi in Japan.B.A fruiting tree of Hiratanenashi.C.A bearing branch of Hiratanenashi.D.Thefruit of Hiratanenashi.图 1九倍体品种平核无Fig.1The nonaploid D.kaki Hiratanenashi其他7%Others7%富有27%Fuyu2
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