The Key Role of Cyclic Electron Flow in the Recovery of Photosynthesis.pdf
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1、Citation:Wang,S.;Li,W.;Wufuer,R.;Duo,J.;Pei,L.;Pan,X.The Key Roleof Cyclic Electron Flow in theRecovery of Photosynthesis in thePhotobiont during Rehydration of theLichen Cladonia stellaris.Plants 2023,12,4011.https:/doi.org/10.3390/plants12234011Academic Editor:Anja SchneiderReceived:20 October 202
2、3Revised:24 November 2023Accepted:27 November 2023Published:29 November 2023Copyright:2023 by the authors.Licensee MDPI,Basel,Switzerland.This article is an open access articledistributedunderthetermsandconditions of the Creative CommonsAttribution(CC BY)license(https:/creativecommons.org/licenses/b
3、y/4.0/).plantsArticleThe Key Role of Cyclic Electron Flow in the Recovery ofPhotosynthesis in the Photobiont during Rehydration of theLichen Cladonia stellarisShuzhi Wang1,2,*,Wenfeng Li1,2,Rehemanjiang Wufuer1,2,Jia Duo1,2,Liang Pei1,2and Xiangliang Pan2,3,*1National Engineering Technology Research
4、 Center for Desert-Oasis Ecological Construction,Xinjiang Instituteof Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences,818 South Beijing Road,Urumqi 830011,China;(W.L.);(R.W.);(J.D.);(L.P.)2Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Bioremediation,Xinjiang Institute of Ecology andGeogra
5、phy,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Urumqi 830011,China3Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province,College ofEnvironment,Zhejiang University of Technology,Hangzhou 310014,China*Correspondence:(S.W.);(X.P.)These authors contributed equally to this work.Ab
6、stract:Lichens are poikilohydric organisms and an important part of the ecosystem.They showhigh desiccation tolerance,but the mechanism of dehydration resistance still needs to be studied.The photosynthesis recovery of the photobiont in rehydrated lichen Cladonia stellaris after 11-yeardesiccation w
7、as investigated by simultaneously monitoring both photosystem I and II(PSI and PSII)activities.The responses of the photochemical efficiency and relative electron transport rate(rETR)ofPSI and PSII,and the quantum yield of the cyclic electron flow(CEF)were measured using a Dual-PAM-100 system.PSI re
8、covered rapidly,but PSII hardly recovered in C.stellaris during rehydration.The maximal photochemical efficiency of PSII(Fv/Fm)was generally very low and reached aboutjust 0.4 during the rehydration.These results indicated that PSII had restored little and was largelyinactivated during rehydration.T
9、he quantum yield of PSI recovered quickly to almost 0.9 within 4 hand remained constant at nearly 1 thereafter.The results showed that the activation of the CEF in theearly stages of rehydration helped the rapid recovery of PSI.The quantum yield of the CEF made upa considerable fraction of the quant
10、um yield of PSI during rehydration.A regulated excess energydissipation mechanism and non-photochemical quenching(NPQ)also recovered.However,the smallextent of the recovery of the NPQ was not enough to dissipate the excess energy during rehydration,which may be responsible for the weak activity of P
11、SII during rehydration.The results indicatedthat both CEF and NPQ were essential during the rehydration of the photobiont in C.stellaris.Themethods used in the measurements of chlorophyll a fluorescence and P700+absorbance changesin this study provided a speedy and simple way to detect the physiolog
12、ical characteristics of thephotobionts of lichen during rehydration.This work improves our understanding of the mechanismbehind lichens desiccation tolerance.Keywords:P700+absorbance;chlorophyll a fluorescence;photosystem I;photosystem II;cyclicelectron flow;non-photochemical quenching;rehydration;l
13、ichen1.IntroductionLichens are symbiotic organisms composed of lichen-forming fungi(mycobionts)andcertain groups of cyanobacteria or green algae(photobionts)1,2.Lichens are an importantcomponent of the biological soil crusts of the soil surface in most arid and semi-arid regionsaround the world and
14、are among the most important biotic components of the ecosystemsin these areas 3,4.As the number of climate change-induced drought events increases,agricultural land and food production are vulnerable to future water scarcity 5.In thisPlants 2023,12,4011.https:/doi.org/10.3390/plants12234011https:/
15、2023,12,40112 of 14context,lichens can still be the guarantee of the maintenance and restoration of ecosystemproductivity under extreme climate changes.Photosynthetic organisms,including lichensand their photobionts,which are tolerant to desiccation,have been widely investigated toimprove drought to
16、lerance in crop plants 6.It has been reported that lichens are desiccation-tolerant organisms that can survivein harsh environments where higher plants cannot survive 7,8.Lichens are often foundin a variety of extremely dry habitats such as rock surfaces,the Antarctic cold desert andhot deserts 9,10
17、.In these habitats,the water supply is not delivered by rain but ratherin the form of fog,dew or humidity 8,11.Lichens are poikilohydrous and exposed torepeated desiccation/rehydration cycles 9.Consequently,lichens may be exposed tohigher levels of solar radiation and desiccation,and most lichens ca
18、n tolerate desiccationand remain viable for months 12.During the desiccation/rehydration cycles,lichensand their photobionts use a variety of ways to cope with various stresses.These stressesinclude osmotic stress and oxidative stress,which are related to sudden changes in wateravailability 13.Dehyd
19、rated lichens can restore their photosynthetic activity afterwetting 14.The microalgae isolated from a Mediterranean fruticose epiphytic lichenthat adapted to xeric habitats,i.e.,Trebouxia sp.(TR9),could recover their photosyntheticactivity after desiccation for 1,2 and 3 months 15.The understanding
20、 of desiccation tolerance of lichens and lichen-forming algae wasreviewed in a previous study,which showed the constitutive mechanisms and the inductionofprotectionmechanismsinthedesiccationtoleranceoflichens2.However,thesummarizeddatarevealedthattheknowledgeaboutdesiccationtolerancemechanismsinlich
21、enswasmuchscarcer than in other organisms such as bryophytes or vascular resurrection plants.Someprevious studies showed that lichens can become photosynthetically active after rehydrationwith water vapor alone or with liquid water 11,1618.Those studies mainly discussedthe recovery of the activity o
22、f photosystem II(II),which was often tested by measuringchlorophyll a fluorescence 19,20.Some dehydration and rehydration experiments werecarried out with algae isolated from lichens 6,21.The findings with Trebouxia,the mostabundant chlorophytic photobiont in lichen,indicated that the slow-dried and
23、 rapid-driedalgae showed significant differences in the recovery of photosynthetic activity.Slow-driedalgae restored PSII electron transport to a higher value after rehydration.Measurementof the absorbance change in P700 of Trebouxia showed that desiccation did not affect PSIfunctionality 21.However
24、,only a small number of species of lichens and bryophytes haveactually been tested for desiccation tolerance,and the mechanisms for testing desiccationtolerance are still limited 11.Additionally,the response of photochemical efficiency andthe relative electron transport rate(rETR)of photosystem I(PS
25、I)during the desiccation andrehydration of lichens are still unclear.Little is known about the differences between therecovery potential of PSII and PSI in the rehydration process and the underlying mechanisms.It was proposed that the cyclic electron flow(CEF)around PSI functioned in adap-tation to
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