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1、5.44.5Antioxidative Defense,SuppressedNitric Oxide Accumulation,andSynthesis of Protective Proteins inRoots and Leaves Contribute to theDesiccation Tolerance of theResurrection Plant HaberlearhodopensisKatya Georgieva,Gergana Mihailova,Liliana Gigova,Antoaneta V.Popova,Maya Velitchkova,Lyudmila Simo
2、va-Stoilova,Mt Sgi-Kazr,Helga Zelenynszki,Katalin Solymosi and dm SoltiSpecial IssueDesiccation/Salinity Tolerance and the Crosstalk ThereinEdited byProf.Dr.Jill M.Farrant and Dr.Mariam AwliaArticlehttps:/doi.org/10.3390/plants12152834Citation:Georgieva,K.;Mihailova,G.;Gigova,L.;Popova,A.V.;Velitchk
3、ova,M.;Simova-Stoilova,L.;Sgi-Kazr,M.;Zelenynszki,H.;Solymosi,K.;Solti,.AntioxidativeDefense,Suppressed Nitric OxideAccumulation,and Synthesis ofProtective Proteins in Roots andLeaves Contribute to the DesiccationTolerance of the Resurrection PlantHaberlea rhodopensis.Plants 2023,12,2834.https:/doi.
4、org/10.3390/plants12152834Academic Editors:Jill M.Farrant,Mariam Awlia and Dayong ZhangReceived:19 May 2023Revised:27 July 2023Accepted:28 July 2023Published:31 July 2023Copyright:2023 by the authors.Licensee MDPI,Basel,Switzerland.This article is an open access articledistributedunderthetermsandcon
5、ditions of the Creative CommonsAttribution(CC BY)license(https:/creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).plantsArticleAntioxidative Defense,Suppressed Nitric Oxide Accumulation,and Synthesis of Protective Proteins in Roots and LeavesContribute to the Desiccation Tolerance of the ResurrectionPlant Haber
6、lea rhodopensisKatya Georgieva1,*,Gergana Mihailova1,Liliana Gigova1,Antoaneta V.Popova2,Maya Velitchkova2,Lyudmila Simova-Stoilova1,Mt Sgi-Kazr3,4,Helga Zelenynszki3,4,Katalin Solymosi5and dm Solti31Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics,Bulgarian Academy of Sciences,Academic Georgi Bonchev Str
7、.,Building 21,1113 Sofia,Bulgaria;gmihailovabio21.bas.bg(G.M.);(L.G.);lsimovamail.bg(L.S.-S.)2Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering,Bulgarian Academy of Sciences,Academic GeorgiBonchev Str.,Building 21,1113 Sofia,Bulgaria;popovabio21.bas.bg(A.V.P.);mayavbio21.bas.bg(M.V.)3Department of
8、Plant Physiology and Molecular Plant Biology,Institute of Biology,ELTE Etvs LorndUniversity,Pzmny Pter Stny 1/C,H-1117 Budapest,Hungary;sagi.kazar.matettk.elte.hu(M.S.-K.);helga.zelenyanszkittk.elte.hu(H.Z.);adam.soltittk.elte.hu(.S.)4Doctoral School of Biology,Institute of Biology,ELTE Etvs Lornd U
9、niversity,Pzmny Pter Stny 1/C,H-1117 Budapest,Hungary5Department of Plant Anatomy,Institute of Biology,ELTE Etvs Lornd University,Pzmny Pter Stny1/C,H-1117 Budapest,Hungary;katalin.solymosittk.elte.hu*Correspondence:katyabio21.bas.bg or ;Tel.:+359-2-979-2620Abstract:The desiccation tolerance of plan
10、ts relies on defense mechanisms that enable the protectionof macromolecules,biological structures,and metabolism.Although the defense of leaf tissuesexposed to solar irradiation is challenging,mechanisms that protect the viability of the roots,yetlargely unexplored,are equally important for survival
11、.Although the photosynthetic apparatusin leaves contributes to the generation of oxidative stress under drought stress,we hypothesizedthat oxidative stress and thus antioxidative defense is also predominant in the roots.Thus,weaimed for a comparative analysis of the protective mechanisms in leaves a
12、nd roots during thedesiccation of Haberlea rhodopensis.Consequently,a high content of non-enzymatic antioxidantsand high activity of antioxidant enzymes together with the activation of specific isoenzymes werefound in both leaves and roots during the final stages of desiccation of H.rhodopensis.Amon
13、g others,catalase and glutathione reductase activity showed a similar tendency of changes in roots and leaves,whereas,unlike that in the leaves,superoxide dismutase activity was enhanced under severe butnot under medium desiccation in roots.Nitric oxide accumulation in the root tips was found to bes
14、ensitive to water restriction but suppressed under severe desiccation.In addition to the antioxidativedefense,desiccation induced an enhanced abundance of dehydrins,ELIPs,and sHSP 17.7 in leaves,but this was significantly better in roots.In contrast to leaf cells,starch remained in the cells ofthe c
15、entral cylinder of desiccated roots.Taken together,protective compounds and antioxidativedefense mechanisms are equally important in protecting the roots to survive desiccation.Sincedrought-induced damage to the root system fundamentally affects the survival of plants,a betterunderstanding of root d
16、esiccation tolerance mechanisms is essential to compensate for the challengesof prolonged dry periods.Keywords:antioxidant enzymes;drought stress;non-enzymatic antioxidants;nitric oxide;photosyn-thesis;protective proteins;root anatomyPlants 2023,12,2834.https:/doi.org/10.3390/plants12152834https:/ 2
17、023,12,28342 of 221.IntroductionIn the 21st century,evidence becomes clear on climate change,the primary challengefor humankind presently and in the future.Since extremities in the weather such as pro-longed drought are among the greatest threats to agriculture,the predicted increasingperiods of int
18、ense and extended drought as a consequence of global warming will havea deep impact on food production 1.The vegetative tissues of higher plants,includingcrops,are sensitive to water deficiency:depending on the species,loss of 4070%of totalwater content leads to permanent damage or death of the tiss
19、ues 2.Thus,prolongeddrought stress and critical dehydration ultimately reduce the crop yield.However,resur-rection plants are able to survive up to 95%loss of tissue water content and thus surviveprolonged drought periods,whereas upon rehydration they recover to full metabolicactivity 3.Therefore,th
20、ey are an optimal model to study and understand vegetativedesiccation tolerance.Such understanding may contribute to the breeding of crops withimproved tolerance 4.A considerable number of studies pointed out that foliar tissuesof resurrection plants are able to tolerate desiccation through a specia
21、l set of mechanisms,including the alteration of the metabolism and the biosynthesis of novel antioxidants tominimize free radical-induced damages,subcellular reorganization in order to minimizemechanical stress associated with turgor loss,and the accumulation of specific proteins,disaccharides,and o
22、ther hydrophilic metabolites to maintain the structure and the opera-tion of cell constituents 59.Since,in photosynthetically active tissues,suppression of thephotosynthetic functions and avoiding light-induced damages are primarily challenges tobe resolved in the desiccating foliar tissues for effe
23、ctive survival,the majority of studieson resurrection plants focused on the protective mechanisms that protect mesophyll cells.Nevertheless,in the survival of individual plants,responses of root tissues that are equallyor even better exposed to desiccation have remained an unexplored field.In foliar
24、 desiccation tolerance studies,homoiochlorophyllous resurrection plants thatmaintain the structure of the photosynthetic apparatus during dehydration are generallyapplied.Since,in these plant taxa,chlorophyll molecules retained in the desiccated stagecould be sources for harmful singlet oxygen produ
25、ction in mesophyll cells,protectionmechanisms,including rapid repair of the photosynthetic apparatus upon rehydration,are required.It has been proposed that switching off photosynthesis in homoiochloro-phyllous plants is likely to be a programmed process that involves specific protectivemechanisms 1
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