中瑞职业教育行业白皮书.pdf
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1、2022中瑞职业教育白皮书China-Switzerland White Paper on Vocational Education20 220102TABLE OF CONTENTSFOREWORD I.Overview of the Swiss Vocational Education System II.The Status Quo of Vocational Education in China III.Future Path for Vocational Education in China and Switzerland 序一、瑞士职业教育体系概述二、中国职业教育的发展现状三、未来
2、的中瑞职业教育发展之路0603032444062444XV0VqNtPyQqPrNzQuMsRrO7N9R7NtRpPsQoNeRrQrQiNrQpRaQpPxOxNrMrQwMnQmN亲爱的读者请让我从两个事实开始说起:十多年来,瑞士一直被评为“全球最具创新力和竞争力的经济体”;瑞士是欧洲青年失业率最低的国家之一。即使是在疫情期间,瑞士的失业率也始终处于低位。在我看来,除了优秀的企业、一流的基础设施、高效的政府机构以外,教育体系是造就瑞士繁荣又有韧性的经济的第四大关键因素。出类拔萃的公立学校、富有成效的职业教育体系(VPET)和世界一流的大学院校共同组成了瑞士教育体系。由中国瑞士商会发起的中
3、瑞职业教育白皮书旨在详细描绘瑞士的职业教育体系。职业教育体系在瑞士国内备受推崇。三分之二的瑞士年轻人在完成义务教育后都选择了学徒制。在瑞士,技能的价值深入人心,高技能专业人才在就业市场备受追捧。我自己的四个孩子都参加了学徒课程,有几个后来选择了继续深造。互融互通是瑞士职业教育体系大获成功的关键。学徒文凭不是终点,而是个人成长和职业发展的起点。瑞士的教育体系在职业学校和普通高校之间也设置了许多持续进步、相互流动的通道。瑞士职业教育体系的成功也源于企业的带头驱动。瑞士企业在认识到参与职业教育体系的意义后,主动当起了领军者。在中国的瑞士企业更是承担着将瑞士特色职业教育体系引入中国市场的重要使命。这份
4、白皮书便是在这个目标下应运而生。自从我担任瑞士驻华大使以来,中国一直在为推进劳动力培训和技能提升而大力建设职业教育体系,这令我倍感振奋。我相信中瑞在职业教育领域的合作将取得累累硕果,惠及两国人民。让我们以本白皮书为契机,携手培育更多中瑞英才!祝您在阅读本书的过程中,尽情享受思想碰撞的火花。白瑞谊瑞士驻华大使Dear readersLet me start with two facts:For more than a decade,Switzerland has been ranked as the worlds most innovative and competitive economy.S
5、witzerland has one of the lowest youth unemployment rates in Europe,even during the pandemic-hit years.My claim is:One of the reasons for our strong and resilient economy is next to performing companies,excellent infrastructures or effi-cient state organization-our education system.It consists of go
6、od public schools,successful vocational and professional education system(VPET)and excellent universities.This White Book established by Swiss Chamber China is dedi-cated to the Swiss VPET system.This system enjoys high recogni-tion in our society.Two thirds of young people in Switzerland choose to
7、start an apprenticeship after their compulsory education.The value of skills is well recognized,as skilled professionals are highly sought after by the labour market.Take myself as an example,all of my 4 children did an apprenticeship and partly studied later.The success of our VPET system is powere
8、d by its permeability.An apprenticeship diploma is not the end,but only the beginning of one s personal and career development.The Swiss education system offers abundant opportunities to progress and to transit be-tween the academic and the vocational track.The success of our VPET system is rooted i
9、n the leading role of the companies.They are motivated to take the lead because they see the value in their engagement.For Swiss companies in China,it is important that they bring the VPET aspect of Switzerland to the Chi-nese market as well.This White Paper serves exactly this purpose.Since my appo
10、intment as Swiss Ambassador to China,I am glad to see that China is taking efforts with VPET in order to train and upskill the work force.I believe that there is a lot to benefit between our two countries.Lets invest into young people!Lets take this White Paper as a good start!I wish you an interest
11、ing reading and a lot of inspiring exchanges.Jrg BurriAmbassador of Switzerland to ChinaFOREWORD03041瑞士职业教育体系概述Overview of the SwissVocational EducationSystem 0506瑞士是现今世界上最富有的发达国家之一,在世界经济论坛公布的全球竞争力报告以及世界知识产权组织公布的全球创新指数中,多年来瑞士均位居榜首。瑞士政府一直将教育与科技发展作为首要战略目标,而在其教育体系中,职业教育发挥着举足轻重的作用,该教育体系为企业输送了大量匹配市场需求的人才
12、。根据 2021 年教育科研与创新国务秘书处(SERI)数据显示,瑞士全国共颁发 30000 个高等职业教育证书,提供了 87786 个学徒岗位,共有 240 个基础职业培训机构,年轻人失业率仅为 3.2%。瑞 士 职 业 教 育 体 系 全 称 为 Vocational and Professional Education and Training(VPET)。VPET 体系与就业市场高度关联,为瑞士企业每年持续稳定的输送各层次人才。VPET体系分为两个部分:高中职业教育与培训(VET)和高等专业教育。As one of the richest developed countries in
13、the world,Switzerland has held on to the No.1 position in the Global Competitiveness Report published by the World Economic Forum(WEF)and the Global Inno-vation Index(GII)released by the World Intellectual Property Organization(WIPO)for many years.A major contributor to such achievements is the Swis
14、s education system which has long been listed,together with technological progress,as the most important strategic objectives by the Swiss govern-ment,and in the Swiss education system,vocational education plays a pivotal role.The resulting highly educated professionals form an excellent pool for co
15、mpanies based in Switzerland.According to statis-tics published by the State Secretariat for Education,Research and Innovation(SERI),30,000 tertia-ry-level professional education qualifications have been granted in 2021.Across the country,87,786 ap-prenticeships were available and there were 240 tra
16、ining institutions offering vocational education pro-grams,resulting a very low youth unemployment rateonly 3.2%.The Swiss vocational education system,known as Vocational and Professional Education and Training(VPET),is highly responsive to labor market and provides a steady supply of talents for Sw
17、iss compa-nies every year.It is divided into two sectors:upper-secondary level vocational education and training(VET)and tertiary-level professional education.0708China-Switzerland White Paper on Vocational EducationDual-track Model:Learning and Training Go Hand in HandApprenticeship:Highly Responsi
18、ve to the Labor Market Needs在瑞士,大约三分之二的年轻人在完成义务教育后会进修为期两年(获得联邦 VET 证书)或三到四年(获得联邦 VET 文凭)的高级 VET 课程,多年来这一比例较为稳定。双轨 VET 项目则是迄今为止最普遍的职业教育和培训形式。“双轨制”指的是学校学习和企业培训两相结合,进入该 VET 体系的学生通常每周有一到两天时间在学校学习理论知识,其余三到四天时间则在企业或第三方培训机构中跟随导师学习实用技能。这种“双轨制”的人才培养方式是瑞士职业教育的一大特色,真正实现了校企双轨、产教融合的理念,在能让学生提前融入自己感兴趣的工作的同时,也并未过分限
19、制学生的职业选择。“双轨制”模式并非是形式上的“实习”,而是真正将学生作为企业员工,在公司导师的指导下参与企业日常生产经营,让学生直观地接触实际工作生产,了解行业最前沿的技术,并锻炼思考与应对能力。VET 体系最大的特点是其与劳动市场的紧密联系。学生并非是以实习生而是以学徒身份进入企业,因此企业会正常发放薪水。例如钟表技术的学徒可以在职业教育培训中心实践;财政金融专业的学生则可在银行内出任柜员,真正面对并处理日常工作中的问题。此模式让瑞士在人力资源极其有限的情况下,不仅维持了国民生产生活的稳定运营,也使其各产业得到了高速的发展。瑞士极具特色的“学徒制”立足企业的需求,将企业与学校深度绑定,共同
20、分担人才培养成本。另外,瑞士政府专门建立了全国范围的“学徒市场”,学生可以在网上提交申请书并通过企业的职业面试以获得岗位。“学徒市场”主要有两个方面:供给方(提供学徒职位的主办公司)和需求方(寻找学徒职位的年轻人)。国家在其中发挥着调解作用:确保参与学徒培养的公司获得并提供更好的条件,鼓励其开放学徒职位,并帮助年轻人选择职业。“学徒制”在瑞士就业市场中具有举足轻重的作用,银行业、精密仪器制造业、制药业、手表行业等都有学徒的身影。大部分瑞士企业都会为学生提供学徒职位,通常企业会为学生提供 1年左右的工作机会,由经验丰富的资深员工对学徒进行工作指导,并在其工作期间正常发放薪水。Upon compl
21、eting compulsory education,about two-thirds of young people in Switzerland opt to under-take an upper-level VET program lasting two years(with a Federal VET Certificate)or three to four years(with a Federal VET Diploma).This proportion has remained steady for many years.Dual-track VET pro-grams are
22、by far the most prevalent form of vocational education and training.The dual-track model is a combination of academic education and in-company training.Students study-ing a VET program typically spend one or two days on academic learning and three to four days in the host company or a third-party tr
23、aining institution,where he/she learns practical skills under a mentor.This dual-track approach to talent development is one of the distinctive characteristics of the Swiss voca-tional education.By integrating academic education and in-company work experience a dual-track pro-gram exposes students t
24、o potential career paths that they are interested in by offering a broad selection of apprenticeships.Moreover,on an apprenticeship in the dual-track model,students will be hired as paid employees instead of being treated as expendable interns.They will get involved in the company s daily operation
25、under the guidance of mentors,gain real work experience,catch up with latest technolo-gies,and hone problem-solving skills.The most distinctive characteristic of the Swiss VET system is its close connection with the labor market.Stu-dents are employed as apprentices rather than interns and they are
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