通用英语语法.pptx
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1、17Universal Grammar2n nSlides on the net at:n nhttp:/http-server.carleton.ca/ecorazza/n nhttp:/http-http:/http-server.carleton.ca/ecorazza/online_courses/Mind_World_andserver.carleton.ca/ecorazza/online_courses/Mind_World_and_knowledge/_knowledge/3Chomskys Epiphenomenalism about Languagen nLanguage
2、Language vs.vs.GrammarGrammar“Grammar”is a precise definite term while“language”“Grammar”is a precise definite term while“language”is a vague and derivative term which we could well is a vague and derivative term which we could well dispense of,without much loss.dispense of,without much loss.The gra
3、mmar in someone mind/brain is real while The grammar in someone mind/brain is real while language is not.language is not.4n nThe aim of linguistics can be summarized by four The aim of linguistics can be summarized by four questions.questions.1 1.What constitutes knowledge of language?What constitut
4、es knowledge of language?2 2.How is such knowledge acquired?How is such knowledge acquired?3 3.How is such knowledge put to use?How is such knowledge put to use?4 4.What are the physical mechanisms that serve as the What are the physical mechanisms that serve as the material basis?material basis?5De
5、ep vs.Surface Structuren nPort Royal Grammar(1660)Port Royal Grammar(1660)It is heavily influenced by Descartes.It is heavily influenced by Descartes.It aims to propose the general form of any possible It aims to propose the general form of any possible grammar.grammar.In so doing it elaborates the
6、universal structure In so doing it elaborates the universal structure underlying the“natural manner in which we express underlying the“natural manner in which we express our thoughts”.our thoughts”.6n nThe The inner/outerinner/outer aspect of language aspect of languageAccording to Port Royal gramma
7、rians we must According to Port Royal grammarians we must distinguish between language having an inner and an distinguish between language having an inner and an outer aspect.outer aspect.Hence we distinguish between a sentence Hence we distinguish between a sentence quaqua expression of a thoughtex
8、pression of a thought and and the physical shapethe physical shape of a of a sentence(i.e.an utterance).sentence(i.e.an utterance).To show the structure of the mind the grammar should To show the structure of the mind the grammar should reflect reflect properties of all mindsproperties of all minds,
9、it should be,it should be universaluniversal.7n nMental GrammarMental GrammarThe deep structure is often only implicit and does not The deep structure is often only implicit and does not get expressed.It is only represented in the mind.get expressed.It is only represented in the mind.The same deep s
10、tructure can be realized differently in The same deep structure can be realized differently in different languages(e.g.:“Video canem currentum”and different languages(e.g.:“Video canem currentum”and“Je vois un chien qui court”).“Je vois un chien qui court”).The rules of this grammar are not represen
11、ted in the The rules of this grammar are not represented in the language user:they are simply there.Yet they must be language user:they are simply there.Yet they must be“learned”.But see poverty of the stimulus argument.“learned”.But see poverty of the stimulus argument.8n nTransformation RulesTrans
12、formation RulesThere are transformation rules operating from deep to There are transformation rules operating from deep to surface structure.It is the linguists job to figure out surface structure.It is the linguists job to figure out these rules.these rules.The grammarians of Port Royal are the fir
13、st to The grammarians of Port Royal are the first to recognize the two systems of rules:recognize the two systems of rules:1.1.A base system generating A base system generating deep structure.deep structure.2.2.A A transformational systemtransformational system mapping these deep mapping these deep
14、structures into surface structure.structures into surface structure.9UG n nUG corresponds to the deep structure.Since it is the UG corresponds to the deep structure.Since it is the expression of though,it is common to all languages.expression of though,it is common to all languages.It is thus univer
15、sal.Hence Universal Grammar,UG.It is thus universal.Hence Universal Grammar,UG.The transformation rules converting the deep structure The transformation rules converting the deep structure into surface structure may differ from language to into surface structure may differ from language to language.
16、language.Different outputs can correspond to the same inner Different outputs can correspond to the same inner structure.structure.10n nPort RoyalPort RoyalWithin the Cartesian tradition exemplified by the Within the Cartesian tradition exemplified by the grammarians of Port Royal,the deep structure
17、 is what grammarians of Port Royal,the deep structure is what constitutes the meaning(sense)in the mind.constitutes the meaning(sense)in the mind.It can be transmitted in different way(e.g.:It can be transmitted in different way(e.g.:active/passive).active/passive).E.g.:different languages or differ
18、ent surface structures E.g.:different languages or different surface structures transmit the same meaning/sense which is a mental transmit the same meaning/sense which is a mental entity.entity.11n nNowadaysNowadays UG means the UG means the initial stateinitial state of a language of a language lea
19、rner.learner.It is the“innate”(genetically transmitted)aspect of It is the“innate”(genetically transmitted)aspect of grammatical rules;the grammatical rules;the language instinctlanguage instinct(Pinker).(Pinker).It is that aspect of the human mind that causes one to It is that aspect of the human m
20、ind that causes one to learn the language.learn the language.UG UG quaqua initial state is initial state is biologically determinedbiologically determined.As such,it does not belong to a specific language.As such,it does not belong to a specific language.12n nUG need not be supposed to be what is un
21、iversal UG need not be supposed to be what is universal among languagesamong languages(see Jackendoff 2002:72ff.).(see Jackendoff 2002:72ff.).It is merely the It is merely the human human capacitycapacity,i.e.,the,i.e.,the initial stateinitial state,allowing one to learn allowing one to learn a a la
22、nguage.language.The aspects of the initial sate one ends up using in ones The aspects of the initial sate one ends up using in ones learning periods depends on the stimuli/input.learning periods depends on the stimuli/input.Languages(inputs)affect the development of the initial Languages(inputs)affe
23、ct the development of the initial state and thus the outputs one ends up producing(cf.state and thus the outputs one ends up producing(cf.switches metaphor explaining the learning of switches metaphor explaining the learning of phonetics).phonetics).13n nInnateInnateWe do not necessarily mean that i
24、t is present at birth or We do not necessarily mean that it is present at birth or in an embryo.in an embryo.It rather means that it It rather means that it automatically appearsautomatically appears during during the development,regardless on whether it is present at the development,regardless on w
25、hether it is present at birth or not.birth or not.It does not mean that it is free from the input of the It does not mean that it is free from the input of the environment.E.g.vision capacity.environment.E.g.vision capacity.14n nDeep Deep vsvs.Surface Structure,and Creativity.Surface Structure,and C
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- 通用 英语语法
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