世界油气行业就业的未来.pdf
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1、 TMFWOGI/2022 The future of work in the oil and gas industry Opportunities and challenges for a just transition to a future of work that contributes to sustainable development Technical meeting on the future of work in the oil and gas industry(Geneva,28 November2 December 2022)Sectoral Policies Depa
2、rtment Geneva,2022 Copyright International Labour Organization 2022 First edition 2022 Publications of the International Labour Organization(ILO)enjoy copyright under Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention.Nevertheless,short excerpts from them may be reproduced without authorization,on con
3、dition that the source is indicated.For rights of reproduction or translation,application should be made to ILO Publishing(Rights and Licensing),International Labour Office,CH-1211 Geneva 22,Switzerland,or by email:rightsilo.org.The ILO welcomes such applications.Libraries,institutions and other use
4、rs registered with a reproduction rights organization may make copies in accordance with the licences issued to them for this purpose.Visit www.ifrro.org to find the reproduction rights organization in your country.The future of work in the oil and gas industry:Opportunities and challenges for a jus
5、t transition to a future of work that contributes to sustainable development(Geneva,28 November2 December 2022),International Labour Office,Sectoral Policies Department,Geneva,ILO,2022.ISBN 978-92-2-037557-0(print)ISBN 978-92-2-037558-7(Web pdf)Also available in French:Lavenir du travail dans lindus
6、trie ptrolire et gazire:Perspectives et dfis associs une transition juste vers un avenir du travail qui contribue au dveloppement durable(Genve,28 novembre2 dcembre 2022),ISBN 978-92-2-037559-4(print),ISBN 978-92-2-037560-0(web PDF);and in Spanish:El futuro del trabajo en el sector del petrleo y el
7、gas:Oportunidades y desafos para una transicin justa a un futuro del trabajo que contribuya al desarrollo sostenible(Ginebra,28 de noviembre2 de diciembre de 2022),ISBN 978-92-2-037561-7(print),ISBN 978-92-2-037562-4(web PDF).The designations employed in ILO publications,which are in conformity with
8、 United Nations practice,and the presentation of material therein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the ILO concerning the legal status of any country,area or territory or of its authorities,or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers.The responsibility for opi
9、nions expressed in signed articles,studies and other contributions rests solely with their authors,and publication does not constitute an endorsement by the ILO of the opinions expressed in them.Reference to names of firms and commercial products and processes does not imply their endorsement by the
10、 ILO,and any failure to mention a particular firm,commercial product or process is not a sign of disapproval.Information on ILO publications and digital products can be found at:www.ilo.org/publns.Formatted by RELMEETINGS:TMFWOGI-2022-SECTO-220906-001-EN.docx Printed in Switzerland.TMFWOGI/2022 3 Co
11、ntents Page Background.5 Chapter 1.The oil and gas industry.6 1.1.Definition and structure.7 1.2.Global oil and gas reserves.10 1.3.Global oil and gas production.12 1.4.Oil and gas consumption.13 1.5.Contribution to GDP and world trade.15 1.6.Global employment.18 Chapter 2.Megatrends and drivers of
12、change.19 2.1.Climate change.19 2.1.1.The contribution of the industry to climate change.20 2.1.2.The energy transition.21 2.1.3.The production gap persists.24 2.1.4.Rebalancing energy investments for a just transition.25 2.2.Technological advances.27 2.2.1.Robotics and automation.27 2.2.2.Digitaliz
13、ation.28 2.2.3.Technologies to reduce industry emissions.29 2.2.4.The search for new sources of products and energy.31 2.3.Demographics.32 2.4.Globalization.33 Chapter 3.Challenges and opportunities for decent and sustainable work.35 3.1.Employment.35 3.1.1.Macroeconomic and growth policies.35 3.1.2
14、.Industrial and sectoral policies.36 3.1.3.Job creation,transformation and losses.38 3.1.4.Skills needs,mismatches now and in the future.41 3.1.5.Other active labour market policies.44 3.2.Enterprises.45 3.2.1.Multinational enterprises.45 3.2.2.Small and medium-sized enterprises.49 TMFWOGI/2022 4 Pa
15、ge 3.3.Conditions of work.51 3.3.1.Wages.51 3.3.2.Organization and hours of work.54 3.4.Social protection.54 3.5.Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work and other international labour standards.56 3.5.1.Freedom of association and the right to collective bargaining.56 3.5.2.The elimination of force
16、d or compulsory labour and the abolition of child labour.58 3.5.3.The elimination of discrimination in respect of employment and occupation.58 3.5.4.Occupational Safety and Health.60 3.5.5.Other international labour standards.63 3.6.Social dialogue and labour market institutions.65 3.6.1.Employer an
17、d business membership organizations.65 3.6.2.Workers organizations.66 3.6.3.Labour administration and inspection.67 TMFWOGI/2022 5 Background At its 341st Session(March 2021),the Governing Body of the ILO decided to convene a technical meeting on the future of work in the oil and gas industry.1 At i
18、ts 343rd Session(November 2021),the Governing Body in turn decided that the technical meeting should take place in Geneva from 28 November to 2 December 2022.2 In the context of the ILO Centenary Declaration for the Future of Work(2019),3 the meeting will discuss opportunities and challenges for a j
19、ust transition to a future of work that contributes to sustainable development in its economic,social and environmental dimensions.This report has been prepared by the International Labour Office as a basis for discussions at the meeting.Chapter 1 contains a brief overview of the oil and gas industr
20、y today in terms of its structure;reserves and production;consumption;international trade and contribution to gross domestic product(GDP);and employment.Chapter 2 sets out the megatrends and drivers of change that will transform the industry in the future,with a focus on climate change,technological
21、 advances,demographics and globalization.Chapter 3 describes the decent work opportunities and challenges that the industry faces within the framework of the four strategic objectives that are at the heart of the Decent Work Agenda,4 and with special attention to the nine key policy areas of the ILO
22、 Guidelines for a just transition towards environmentally sustainable economies and societies for all.5 1 GB.341/POL/3(Rev.1).2 GB.343/POL/2(Rev.2).3 ILO,ILO Centenary Declaration for the Future of Work,International Labour Conference,108th Session,2019.4 ILO,ILO Declaration on Social Justice for a
23、Fair Globalization(2008)as amended in 2022.5 ILO,Guidelines for a Just Transition Towards Environmentally Sustainable Economies and Societies for All,2015.TMFWOGI/2022 6 Chapter 1.The oil and gas industry 1.While the earliest known oil wells were drilled in China in the year 347,the first modern oil
24、 wells were created in the 1850s.Since then,the oil and gas industry has provided the energy to catapult the industrial revolution,it has transformed mobility,transport,electricity provision,heating,cooling,and cooking.In addition to powering our economies,oil and gas is the base ingredient in thous
25、ands of manufactured products that businesses and consumers use every day.2.The oil and gas industry makes a significant contribution to the global economy and to its growth and development worldwide.The oil industry alone accounts for almost 3 per cent of global domestic product.The trade in crude
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