叙事学基础.pptx
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1、2024/4/2 2024/4/2 周二周二1 1 叙事学基础叙事学基础Basic Narratology南方医科大学外国语学院南方医科大学外国语学院唐伟胜唐伟胜 2024/4/2 周二2讲座目的讲座目的n了解叙事学基本概念n了解叙事学理论前沿n了解叙事学分析方法作用:n从事叙事理论研究及翻译n用叙事学分析工具进行文学文本、文化现象的阐释工作2024/4/2 周二3什么是叙事(narrative)?nThe recounting(as product and process,object and act,structure and structuration)of one or more re
2、al or fictitious events communicated by one,two,or several(more or less overt)narrators to one,two,or several(more or less overt)narratees.nSomeone tells someone else that something happens on some occasion and for some purpose.(James Phelan)nThe reader reads someone telling someone else that someth
3、ing happens.(Marie-Laure Ryan)nThe minimal definition of Narrative(Zhao Yiheng in the 2nd collection of Chinese edition of Narrative)2024/4/2 周二4叙事学理论背景叙事学理论背景n新批评 New Criticismn俄国形式主义 Russian Formalismn结构主义 structuralismn索绪尔语言理论n英美修辞学 Anglo-American Rhetorics2024/4/2 周二5叙事学的基石:故事/话语二分 story/discour
4、se dichotomyStory:the content plane of narrative as opposed to its expression plane or discourse;the“what”of a narrative as opposed to its“how”;the narrated as opposed to the narrating;the fiction as opposed to the narration;the existents and events represented in a narrativeDiscourse:2024/4/2 周二6叙事
5、语法 narrative grammarnA series of statements and formulas interrelated by an ordered set of rules and accounting for(structural aspects of)a particular set of narratives or the set of all and only possible narratives.nStory grammar:the attempt to specify the basic constituents of the narrated and to
6、describe their interrelations,and they help to investigate the effects of structure and content variables on memory and the comprehension of texts.(see CANT,p.110-11)探究叙事、故事语法是早期叙事学的主要研究目的。2024/4/2 周二7叙事语法尝试之一:普罗普(叙事语法尝试之一:普罗普(V.Propp)The Morphology of Russian Folktales 俄罗斯民间故事形态学确定叙事的基本要素(narrative
7、 elements)及其功能(function)。1)沙皇给英雄一只鹰。2)老人给苏森一匹马。3)王子给伊万一枚戒指。他发现,在俄罗斯民间故事中,有31个这样的功能单位,并以同样的序列(sequence)出现。2024/4/2 周二8叙事语法尝试之二:布雷蒙(叙事语法尝试之二:布雷蒙(Bremond)n简化了普鲁普的31个功能,更抽象化。叙事的基本序列为:1.表示可能发生变化的功能;2.表示是否实施这种变化的功能;3.表示变化是否实现的功能。比如:某人受到某种伤害后,可能采取两种行动:(1)容忍;(2)报复;如果采取报复,则又存在:(1)报复成功;报复失败。2024/4/2 周二9叙事语法尝试
8、之三:格雷马斯(叙事语法尝试之三:格雷马斯(Greimas)n三对六种行动元(actant):主体(subject)、客体(object);发送者(sender)、接受者(receiver);帮助者(helper)、阻挠者(opponent)。任何故事中都有这六种行动元,他们可能归入三种序列结构:契约型(contractual)、完成型(performative)和离合型(disjunctive)。2024/4/2 周二10叙事结构尝试之四:托多洛夫(叙事结构尝试之四:托多洛夫(Todorov)n叙事分为:最小叙事单元(unit)、序列(sequencing)和文本(text)n最小单元是一些
9、基本命题(proposition),五个命题构成一个序列:平衡(equilibrium)外力1失去平衡外力2新的平衡;而很多序列则按照多种方式连接构成完整的文本(text)。2024/4/2 周二11Story time/narrative timeORDER;DURATION;FREQUENCYAnalepsis:an anachrony going back to the past with respect to the“present”moment;an evocation of one or more events that occurred before the“present”mo
10、ment.FLASHBACKProlepsis:an anachrony going forward to the future with respect to the“present”moment;an evocation of one ore more events that will occur after the“present”moment.FLASHFORWARD叙事话语:时间叙事话语:时间(time)2024/4/2 周二12叙事话语:语态(叙事话语:语态(voice)Narrator(who speaks?):The one who narrates,as inscribed
11、in the text.There is at least one narrator per narrative,located at the same diegetic level as the narratee he or she is addressing.A narrator may be more or less overt,knowledgeable,ubiquitous,self-conscious,and reliable,and s/he may be situated at a greater or lesser(temporal,discursive,intellectu
12、al,moral)distance from the situations and events narrated,the characters,and/or the narratee.A narrator may be extradiegetic or intradiegetic;heterodiegetic or homodiegetic(functioning as protagonist,an important character or a minor one).Note:the narrator is not the author;she is not even the impli
13、ed author.2024/4/2 周二13叙事话语:叙事层次(narrative levels)nThe level at which an existent,event,or act of recounting is situated with regard to a given diegesis.nMetalepsis:the intrusion of one diegesis of a being from another diegesis;the mingling of two distinct diegetic levels.Should an extradiegetic nar
14、rator suddenly enter the world of the situations and events recounted,for instance,a metalepsis obtains.(见马原的作品)2024/4/2 周二14叙事话语:人物话语表达方式nNarrated discourse/indirect discourse/free indirect discourse/direct discoursenFree indirect discourse:A type of discourse representing a characters utterances o
15、r thoughts.It has the grammatical traits of“normal”indirect discourse,but it does not involve a tag clause(he said that)introducing and qualifying the represented utterances and thoughts.It should manifest some of the features of the characters ways of speaking.Eg.:(1)He became indignant.A man like
16、him was a suspect now!(2)She smiled.Mary,bless her soul,would be coming to relieve her tomorrow.阿近来虽然比较的受人尊敬,自己也更高傲些,但和那些打惯的闲人们见面还胆怯,独有这回却非常武勇了。这样满脸胡子的东西,也敢出言无这样满脸胡子的东西,也敢出言无状么?状么?2024/4/2 周二15叙事话语:语式(mood)nfocalization(who sees?)聚焦:the perspective in terms of which the narrated situations and event
17、s are presented;the perceptual or conceptual position in terms of which they are rendered.不仅是视角问题,还是意识形态的问题,如女性视角和男性视角。(vision;point of view;perspective)nZero focalization:零聚焦,多数全知叙事(omniscient narration),上帝之眼nInternal focalization:内聚焦,可细分fixed (only one perspective is adopted),variable(different pe
18、rspectives are adopted to present different situations),multiple(different perspectives are adopted to present the same situation)nExternal focalization:外聚焦(situated in the diegesis but outside any of the characters,摄像机式,Hemingways“The Killer”))n思考:第三人称叙事一定是零聚焦叙事吗?2024/4/2 周二16叙事话语:视角越界(alteration)n
19、Once a perspective is adopted,the narrative is expected to follow what can be seen from that perspective.Any violation would be considered as alteration of perspective.nParalepsis:an alteration that consists in giving more information thatn should presumably be given in terms of the focalization cod
20、e governing a narrative.Should external focalization be adopted,for instance,and should the thoughts of a character suddenly be reported,a paralepsis is said to obtain.(e.g.David Copperfield)多叙nParalipsis:an alteration that consists in giving less information than should presumably be given in terms
21、 of the focalization code governing a narrative.(e.g.Great Expectations)少叙2024/4/2 周二17试分析下一段文字:谁看?谁说?人物话语表达方式?什么被隐藏了?什么效果?nThey were doing the dishes,his wife washing while he dried.Hed washed the night before.Unlike most men he knew,he really pitched in on the housework.A few months earlier hed ov
22、erheard a friend of his wifes congratulate her on having such a considerate husband,and he though,I try.Helping out with the dishes was a way he had of showing how considerate he was.-The first paragraph of“Say Yes”,Tobias Wolff2024/4/2 周二18复习:经典叙事学基本术语复习:经典叙事学基本术语Russian FormalismStructuralismStory
23、/discourseNarrative grammarDeep structureProposition and sequenceBinary oppositionStory time and narrative timeAnalepsis,prolepsis,in medias resNarrative levels;embedded narrativeMetalepsisNarrative reliabilityNarrative voiceNarrative focalizationZero/internal/external focalizationTransgression,para
24、lipsis;paralepsisSpeech/thought representationNarrated/indirect/free indirect/direct speech2024/4/2 周二19 修辞叙事理论修辞叙事理论Rhetorical Narrative Theory唐伟胜唐伟胜 2024/4/2 周二20什么是修辞学?n修辞学语言学的一门科学.它研究如何依据题旨、情景运用各种语文材料各种表现手法来恰当地表达思想和感情(辞海)n一种能在任何一个问题上找出可能的说服方式的功能(修辞学,亚里士多德)n人们使用语言推动其他人形成某种态度或采取某种行为.无论形式如何,修辞学都根源于
25、语言的特性,即作为象征行为推动其他人的合作(博克)n演说术,包括立论和词语的修饰(古希腊)2024/4/2 周二21什么是修辞叙事学,或,修辞叙事理论?n简单地说,就是研究讲述者如何通过叙事来实现自己的修辞目的;以及叙事对读者产生了什么样的修辞效果(rhetorical effect)。nJames Phelan:Narrative is“someone telling someone else that something happens on some occasion for some purpose”.nChicago School:芝加哥学派2024/4/2 周二22芝加哥学派发展沿
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