英语国家概况解释与翻译.pdf
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1、a英语国家概况精讲:第一章 英国的国土与人民C hapter 1:Land and P eople 英国的国土与人民I.D ifferent Names for B ritain and its P arts英国的不同名称及其各组成部分1.Geographical names:the B ritish Isles,Great B ritain and E ngland.地理名称:不列颠群岛,大不列颠和英格兰。2.Official name:the United Kingdom of Great B ritain and Northern Ireland.官方正式名称:大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国
2、。3.The B ritish Isles are made up of two large islands-Great B ritain(the larger one)and Ireland,and hundreds of small ones.不列颠群岛由两个大岛一大不列颠岛(较大的一个)和爱尔兰岛,及成千上万个小岛组成。4.Three political divisions on the island of Great B ritain:E ngland,S cotland and Wales.大不列颠岛上有三个政治区:英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。(1)E ngland is in the
3、southern part of Great B ritain.It is the largest,most populous section.英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部,是最大,人口最稠密的地区。(2)S cotland is in the north of Great B ritain.It has three natural zones(the Highlands in the north;the C entral lowlands;the south Uplands)C apital:E dinburgh 苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部。它有三大自然区:北部高地,中部低地及南部山陵。首府:爱
4、丁堡。(3)Wales is in the west of Great B ritain.C apital:C ardiff威尔士位于大不列颠的西部。首府:加的夫(4)Northern Ireland is the fourth region of the UK.C apital:B elfast.北爱尔兰是英国第四个区域。首府:贝尔法斯特。5.The C ommonwealth(of nations)is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of B ritain.It was founded
5、 in 1931,and has 50 member countries until 1991.英联邦是曾为英国殖民地的、但现已独立国家所构成的自由联合体。它成立于1931年,至 1990年止已有50个成员国。II.Geographical Features 英国的地理特征1.Geographical position of B ritain:英国的地理位置:B ritain is an island country surrounded by the sea.It lies in the North Atlantic Ocean off the north coast of E urope.
6、It is separated from the rest of E urope by the E nglish C hannel in the south and the North S ea in the east.英国是一个岛国。它位于大西洋北部,与欧洲大陆的北海岸隔海相望。南面的英吉利海峡和 东面的北海将它与欧洲其它部分隔开。2.The north and west of B ritain are mainly highlands;and the east and southeast are mostly lowlands.英国的西部和北部主要是高地,东部和东南部主要是低地。III.R
7、ivers and Lakes 河流与湖泊B en Nevis is the highest mountain in B ritain(1,343m).本尼维斯山为英国最高峰,海拔1,343米。S evern River is the longest river in B ritain(338km).塞文河是英国最长的河流。全长338公里。Thames River is the second longest and most important river in B ritain.(336km).泰晤士河是英国第二大河,也是英国最重要的河。全长336公里。Lough Neagh is the
8、largest lake in B ritain which is located in Northern Ireland.(396 square kilometres).讷湖(内伊湖)是英国最大的湖,位于北爱尔兰。面积为396平方公里。River C lyde is the most important river in S cotland.克莱德河是苏格兰最重要的河流。S nowdonia is the highest mountain in Wales.(1,085m)斯诺多尼亚是威尔士的最高点,海拔1,085米。IV.C limate 气候1.B ritains favorable c
9、limate 英国有利的气候条件:B ritain has a maritime climate-winters are not too cold and summers are not too hot.It has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year.The temperature varies within a small range.英国属于海洋性气候:冬季不过于寒冷,夏季不过于炎热。全年有稳定可靠的降雨量,气温 变化幅度小。2.The factors influence the climate in B ritain
10、:影响英国气候的因素:1)The surrounding waters tend to balance the seasonal differences by heating up the land in winter and cooling it off in summer;环绕四周的海水。冬天,海水可使岛内气温升高,夏天则使气温降低,从而起到平衡季节温 差的作用;2)The prevailing south-west winds or the Westerlies blow over the country all the year round bringing warm and wet
11、air in winter and keeping the temperatures moderate;一年四季盛行的西南风和西风在冬季从大西洋带来温暖、潮湿的空气,使气温适宜;3)The North Atlantic D rift passes the western coast of the B ritish Isles and warms them.北大西洋暖流经不列颠群岛西海岸,使气候变暖。3.Rainfall 降雨量:B ritain has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year.The average annual
12、 rainfall in B ritain is over 1,000mm.There is a water surplus in the north and west,and a water deficit in the south and east.英国全年降雨量稳定,平均降雨量超过1000毫米。英国北部、西部雨量过多,但是南部、东部有所缺乏。V.The P eople 人口1.population distribution 人口分布:B ritain has a population of about 57 millions and it is very unevenly distrib
13、uted.90%of the population is urban and only 10%is rural.The population of B ritain is made up mainly of the E nglish(81.5%),the S cottish(9.6%),the Welsh(1.9%),the Irish(2.4%),the Northern Irish(1.8%)and other peoples(2.8%).英国人口约570万,分布极不均匀,90%是城市人口,只有10%是农村人口。英国人口组成为:英格兰人(81.5%),苏格兰人(9.6%),威尔士人(1.9
14、%),爱尔兰人、北爱尔兰人和其他民 族居民。2.The difference between the ancestors of the E nglish and S cots,Welsh and Irish:英伦三岛民族的祖先:The ancestors of the E nglish are Anglo-S axons,the S cots,Welsh and Irish are C elts.英格兰人祖先属于盎格鲁一萨克逊人,而苏格兰、威尔士和爱尔兰人属于凯尔特人。3.The difference in character 个性差另U:The Welsh are emotional and
15、 cheerful people.They are music lovers and are proud of their past.威尔士人感情丰富,情绪高涨,热爱音乐,为过去感到自豪。The S cots are said to be a serious,cautious and thrifty people,and they are also hospitable,generous and friendly.苏格兰人通常被认为严肃、谨慎而且节俭,但是他们同样也热情、大方且友好。The Irish are charm and vivacity.爱尔兰人充满魅力,生性活泼。4.The dif
16、ference in speech between southern E ngland and northern E ngland:英格兰南方人和北方人语言上的差别:S outherners speak the type of E nglish close to B B C E nglish;In northern E ngland,regional speech is usually broader than that of southern E ngland.南方人讲的英语接近B B C,北英格兰人的发音通常要比南英格兰人宽。5.The Welsh keep their language
17、and culture in this way:威尔士人以这样的方式使他 们的语言及文化保持活力。Throughout the year they have festivals of song and dance and poetry called E isteddfodau.The great event of the year is the National E isteddfod.On these occasions competitions are held in Welsh poetry,music,singing and art.一年中他们有称之为“艺术年会”的唱歌、跳舞、诗歌节。
18、一年中最重要的节日是全国诗歌 音乐比赛会。在那里会举行威尔士诗歌、音乐、唱歌和艺术比赛。6.The main problem in Northern Ireland:北爱尔兰存在的主要问题:The fight between the P rotestants who are the dominant group,and the Roman C atholics,who are seeking more social,political and economic opportunities.作为统治者的新教徒和要求更多社会、政治及经济权利的罗马天主教徒之间的斗争。7.Immigrants:移民:
19、About three million have come to B ritain to live and find work since World War II.自从二战以来约有三百万人来英国生活、工作。英语国家概况精讲:第二章 英国的起源C hapter 2:The Origins of a Nation(5000B C-1066)英国的起源(公元前 5000 年1066 年)I.E arly S ettlers(5000B C-55B C)早期的居民(公元前5000年一公元前55年)1.The first known settlers of B ritain were the Iber
20、ians.人们所知的英国最早居民是伊比利来人。2.At about 2000 B C the B eaker Folk arrived from the areas now know as Holland and Rhineland.约公元前2000年,从现在的荷兰和莱茵兰地区来了宽口陶器人。3.The C elts began to arrive B ritain about 700 B C.约公元前700年,克尔特人来到不列颠岛。4.The C elts came to B ritain in three main waves.克尔特人来到不列颠有三次高潮。The first wave w
21、ere the Gaels-came about 600 B C.第一次高潮是约公元前600年盖尔人的来临。The second wave were the B rythons-came about 400 B C.第二次高潮是约公元前400年布立吞(不列颠)人的抵达。The third wave were the B elgae-came about 150 B C.第三次是约公元前150年比利其人的到达。II.Roman B ritain(55B C-410AD)罗马人统治时期的英国(公元前55年一410年)1.B ritish recorded history begins with t
22、he Roman invasion.In 55B C and 54B C,Julius C aesar,a Roman general,invaded B ritain twice.In AD 43,the E mperor C laudius invaded B ritain successfully.For nearly 400 years,B ritain was under the Roman occupation,though it was never a total occupation.有记录的英国历史开始于罗马人的入侵。公元前55年和54年,罗马将军朱略斯?凯撒两次入 侵英国,
23、均未成功。直到公元43年,克劳锹才成功占领不列颠。将近四百年里,英国人处于 罗马人的占领下,但这并非是完全的占领。2.Roman s influence on B ritain.The Roman built many towns,road,baths,temples and buildings.They make good use of B ritain s natural resources.They also brought the new religion,C hristianity,to B ritain.罗马人修建了许多城镇网,道路,澡堂,庙宇和其他建筑物。他们还很好地利用了英国的
24、自 然资源。罗马人还把基督教这门新宗教带到不列颠。3.Reasons for limited Roman influence on B ritain.罗马对不列颠的影响有限的原因。First,the Romans always treated the B ritons as a subject people of slave class.S econd,never during the 4 centuries did the Romans and B ritons intermarry.Third,the Romans had no impact on the language or cult
25、ure of ordinary B ritons.首先,罗马人把不列颠人当作奴隶阶段的属民来对待。其次,在四世纪对罗马人和不列颠人 通婚。最后,罗马人也未影响普通不列颠人的语言和文化。前些天,网友S amy给了我一个很好的建议。就是在每个部分的讲解前,先简要介绍一下本次 讲解的内容。我也觉得有了这样的简要介绍,就可以使你们一目了然,然后再看后面的具体 内容,就比较容易理解。但是由于这个简要是我自己归纳而成,有些地方可能还存在一些缺 陷,还望广大朋友能够谅解。S ummary:This is the second part of C hapter 2(The Origins of a Natio
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