如何撰写医药学sci论文.pptx

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,#,如何撰写医药学sci论文,如何撰写医药学sci论文,第1页,汇报人介绍,BA/MA,，国际会议同声翻译；中国药科大学国际交流合作处副处长、港澳台事务办公室副主任；中国药科大学药学英语教研室主任；国家规划教材,药学英语,（人民卫生出版社）主编、十二五规划教材,分析化学试验,（双语，科学出版社）主编；,中国药科大学学报,编委、全英文国际,SCI,药学期刊,Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines,(,中国天然药品,),英文主审。多年来，主持中国药大“英语口译”（含同声翻译）精品课程，负责中国药科大学博士生,How to Write in English for Publication in SCI-Indexed Pharmaceutical Journals,（“药学,SCI,论文英语写作”）课程教学。,如何撰写医药学sci论文,第2页,Professor of English and simultaneous interpreter for international academic conferences,is the Director of the Department of Pharmaceutical English,the Deputy Director of the Office of International Exchange&Cooperation and the Deputy Director of the Office of Hong Kong,Macao and Taiwan Affairs of CPU.He is chief compiler of Chinas top-level and nationwide textbooks of,Pharmaceutical English,(Peoples Medical Publishing House,)and,Analytical Chemistry Experiments,(a bilingual laboratory workbook,Science Press,),member of the Editorial Board of the,Journal of China Pharmaceutical University,and the chief English language reviewer for SCI-indexed,Chinese Journal of National Medicines,.As a teacher,Prof.Shi has been working at China Pharmaceutical University with both the undergraduate students of Pharmaceutical English in the key course of“General&Simultaneous Conference Interpreting”and the PhD candidates of Pharmaceutical Sciences in the leading course of“Writing in English for Publication in SCI-Indexed Pharmaceutical Journals”.,如何撰写医药学sci论文,第3页,SCI,收录医学相关学科（一）,Allergy(,过敏症),Anatomy&Morphology（解剖与形态学）,Andrology（男科学）,Anesthesiology（麻醉学）,Behavioral Sciences（行为科学）,Biochemical Research Methods（生物化学研究）,Cardiac&Cardiovascular Systems(心脏与心血管系统),Cell&Tissue Engineering（细胞与组织工程）,Chemistry,Medicinal（医学化学）,Clinical Neurology（临床神经病学）,Critical Care Medicine（抢救医学）,Dentistry,Oral Surgery&Medicine,（牙医学，口腔外科与内科）,Dermatology,（皮肤病学）,Emergency Medicine,（急诊医学）,Endocrinology&Metabolism,（内分泌与新陈代谢）,Engineering,Biomedical,（生物医学工程）,Gastroenterology&Hepatology,（胃肠病学与肝脏学）,Genetics&Heredity,（遗传）,Geriatrics&Gerontology,（老年病学与老年医学）,Health Care Sciences&Services,（卫生保健科学与服务）,Hematology,（血液学）,4,如何撰写医药学sci论文,第4页,SCI,收录医学相关学科（二）,Immunology,（免疫学）,Infectious Diseases,（传染病学）,Integrative&Complementary Medicine,（综合与补充医学）,Medical Ethics,（医学伦理学）,Medical Informatics,（医学信息学）,Medical Laboratory Technology,（医学试验研究技术）,Medicine,General&Internal,（内科）,Medicine,Legal,（法医学）,Medicine,Research&Experimental,（医学研究与试验）,Microbiology,（微生物学）,Microscopy,（显微镜学）,Mycology,（真菌学）,Neuroimaging,（神经影像学）,Neurosciences,（神经科学）,Nursing,（护理）,Nutrition&Dietetics,（营养学）,Obstetrics&Gynecology,（妇产科学）,Oncology,（肿瘤学）,Ophthalmology,（眼科学）,Orthopedics,（整形外科）,Otorhinolaryngology,（耳鼻喉）,Parasitology,（寄生虫学）,Pathology,（病理学）,Pediatrics,（小儿科）,Peripheral Vascular Disease,（周围性血管疾病）,5,如何撰写医药学sci论文,第5页,SCI,收录医学相关学科（三）,Pharmacology&Pharmacy,（药理学）,Physiology,（生理学）,Psychiatry,（精神病学）,Psychology,（心理学）,Public,Environmental&Occupational Health,（职业保健）,Radiology,Nuclear Medicine&Medical Imaging,（放射学、核医学与医学影像）,Rehabilitation,（康复科学）,Reproductive Biology,（生殖生物学、再生生物学）,Respiratory System,（呼吸系统）,Rheumatology,（风湿病学）,Sport Sciences,（运动科学）,Substance Abuse,（物质滥用、药品滥用）,Surgery,（外科学）,Toxicology,（毒理学）,Transplantation,（移植）,Tropical Medicine,（热带医学）,Urology&Nephrology,（泌尿与肾脏）,Virology,（病毒学）,6,如何撰写医药学sci论文,第6页,医药学论文英语写作中语言问题,How to Write a Medical and Pharmaceutical Research Paper in Good English?,如何撰写医药学sci论文,第7页,加拿大恶性肿瘤预防控制概况,据预计,年加拿大新发恶性肿瘤病例约,17.8,万例,7.5,万人死于恶性肿瘤,居加拿大死因首位。加拿大男性恶性肿瘤发病率近二十年来有所下降,肺癌发病率下降趋势较为显著,烟草控制效果开始显现,;,女性恶性肿瘤发病率则呈迟缓上升趋势,主要与女性肺癌、甲状腺癌和非霍奇金淋巴瘤发病率上升相关。加拿大男性恶性肿瘤死亡率展现逐步下降趋势,早期筛查和治疗水平提升是主要原因,女性恶性肿瘤死亡率基础保持稳定。加拿大癌症控制计划（,Canadian Strategy for Cancer Control,CSCC,）为肿瘤防控机构和组织建立了纽带,经过各地域和组织协调行动,使得肿瘤防控愈加高效,促进了加拿大肿瘤防控工作。,如何撰写医药学sci论文,第8页,Cancer Prevention and Control in Canada,An estimated 178 000 new cases and 75 000 deaths of cancer are expected in Canada in.Cancer is the leading cause of death in Canada.Among males,the overall cancer incidence rate declined over the past twenty years,especially in lung cancer,which reflects the effect of tobacco control.Among females,the overall cancer incidence rate has been increasing slowly because of increases in incidence rates for lung cancer,thyroid cancer and non-Hodgkins lymphoma.The cancer mortality rate in males has been declining slowly because of early screening and improved treatment,while the mortality rate has remained relatively stable in females.Canadian Strategy for Cancer Control,（,CSCC,）,established a bridge among cancer stakeholders.The CSCC has encouraged the cancer control community in Canada work together to take into action.This efficient and resource-saved approach will accelerate the ability of advancing and sustaining the cancer control in Canada.,如何撰写医药学sci论文,第9页,语言规范,:Writing in Better English,An estimated 178 000 new cases and 75 000 deaths of cancer are expected in Canada in.Cancer is the leading cause of death in Canada.,改成：,An estimated 178,000 new cases and 75,000 deaths of cancer are expected in Canada in,with cancer being the leading cause of death in the country.,如何撰写医药学sci论文,第10页,语言规范,:Writing in Better English,Among males,the overall cancer incidence rate declined over the past twenty years,especially in lung cancer,which reflects the effect of tobacco control.Among females,the overall cancer incidence rate has been increasing slowly because of increases in incidence rates for lung cancer,thyroid cancer and non-Hodgkins lymphoma.,改成：,The overall rate of cancer incidence for males declined over the past two decades,especially in lung cancer,due to the effort of tobacco control;yet for females,it has been increasing slowly because of the higher incidence rates for lung cancer,thyroid cancer and non-Hodgkins lymphoma.,如何撰写医药学sci论文,第11页,语言规范,:Writing in Better English,The cancer mortality rate in males has been declining slowly because of early screening and improved treatment,while the mortality rate has remained relatively stable in females.,改成：,The cancer mortality rate for males has been declining slowly thanks to early screening and improved treatment,while that for females has remained relatively unchanged.,如何撰写医药学sci论文,第12页,语言规范,:Writing in Better English,Canadian Strategy for Cancer Control,（,CSCC,）,established a bridge among cancer stakeholders.The CSCC has encouraged the cancer control community in Canada work together to take into action.This efficient and resource-saved approach will accelerate the ability of advancing and sustaining the cancer control in Canada.,改成：,A bridge among cancer stakeholders has been established by CSCC,the Canadian Strategy for Cancer Control,which has been calling for more joint efforts from different organizations in the cancer control community to take more effective measures so as to further promote the prevention and control of cancers in Canada.,如何撰写医药学sci论文,第13页,SCI,论文类型,Research Article,Letter,(Report,Short Article,Communication),Review,(Perspective,Comment,Viewpoint),Editorial,Case Report,Correspondence,(To editor,Letter),如何撰写医药学sci论文,第14页,SCI,论文分类,试验性论文,1,引,言,2,试验方法,3,试验结果（数据）,4,对试验结果分析,5,结论,如何撰写医药学sci论文,第15页,SCI,论文分类,报道性论文,（报道某一项科学发觉，这一发觉不是经过试验、而是经过野外调查发觉）,1,引,言,2,研究区概况,3,对所发觉现象叙述,4,解释,5,科学意义,6.,结论,如何撰写医药学sci论文,第16页,SCI,论文分类,理论性论文,（提出一项理论或计算方法）,1,引,言,2,理论提出（推导、证实）,3,理论验证（如理论模型率定）,4,理论应用（算例，或应用意义）,5,结论,如何撰写医药学sci论文,第17页,SCI,论文分类,综述性论文,综述某一领域中最新进展，应该有述有评，而不只是前人工作罗列；,要有综述者自己观点和对他人工作评价，指出不足之处和处理问题构想，以及今后研究方向；,该归纳出几个热点或前沿问题，展开叙述，不要像记流水帐似，面面俱到；,既要大量占有文件，又要有所取舍，突出精华，要对文件仔细消化之后再动笔，切忌机械罗列。,要有对未来发展展望，对他人研究起到指导作用；,尽可能引用最新工作，表达出时效性；,尽可能阅读原始文件,如何撰写医药学sci论文,第18页,科技论文结构,论文题名,作者姓名,+,通讯地址,摘要,+,关键词,引言,材料与方法,结果,讨论与结论,致谢,参考文件,学位论文结构,论文题名,摘要,致谢,目录,引言,文件综述,方法,结果,讨论,结论,参考文件,如何撰写医药学sci论文,第19页,语言规范,:Writing in Better English,Writing in Correct English First Step to Take,Writing in a Professional Manner Easier Said than Done,Titles Brief yet to the Point,Abstract Easy Way to Success,Introduction Well Begun is Half Done,Materials and Methods Where to Start,Results and Discussion Writing with Cautiousness,Conclusion Always Important,Acknowledgements Always Indispensable,Letters of Communication with the Journal Paving the Way towards Publication,Practice through Error-Correction Making Progress Progressively,如何撰写医药学sci论文,第20页,论文主体构思,Materials and methods,Results,Introduction,Discussion,Why,？,How,？,What,？,Interpretation,如何撰写医药学sci论文,第21页,Introduction,撰写,围绕,WHY,展开（,有逻辑性，证据、解读相结合！,）,研究背景（,疾病特征、主要性、本研究关键相关点,）,研究进展（,最新、主要科学、技术进展，科学问题，重视挑选、切记保罗万象！,）,研究假设（,相对详细,）、拟处理方案（,简明说明,）,如何撰写医药学sci论文,第22页,Introduction,撰写,Papers of all kinds include an introduction.Generally speaking,the introduction concisely describes the purpose of the investigation and should tell the reader(s)why this work was done.You should briefly review past research on the problem with enough background information to orient the reader(this is usually accomplished by a literature search of published materials).,A good introduction first summarizes the most important current knowledge in the area.The background information included must be appropriately referenced.You might first discuss the general problem or theory pertaining to the problem you are studying,and then discuss the topic more specifically to the group,species,or specific area you are researching.You should conclude the introduction with a statement of the problem(the hypothesis)you have investigated.State the specific question(s)you are attempting to answer,the general method used,and how your investigation will help clarify or expand the knowledge in the general area.One function of the introduction is to briefly tell the reader what to expect in the paper.As a writer,one of your main purposes in writing this part of the paper is to interest the readers about the subject of your current work.By the way,try to avoid jargons and abbreviations in this section of the paper.,Mostly,it is easier to write the introduction after completing the rest of the paper.,如何撰写医药学sci论文,第23页,引言,适度铺陈研究相关背景知识,作为正文开篇，引言质量决定了读者对论文第一印象，所以，在,引言中怎样表示作者研究背景和目标，并引发读者阅读兴趣就显得非常主要,，即简练而清楚地解释：为何要选这个论题？这个论题为何主要,?,目标是引导读者进入论文主题。,引言是说明论文写作背景、理由、主要研究结果及其与前人工作关系。,基础内容应该包含研究背景、存在问题、和研究目标等三个方面。,如何撰写医药学sci论文,第24页,引言,引言包含四个元素，或者说四个组成个别。,1,，研究领域。,是与本研究工作相关背景介绍。正确地预计研究课题意义。应用背景。,也就是为何要做这项工作。比如在基础研究方面有何新意，有何应用前景。课题意义预计不足，说明作者知识水平不高，预计过分则显得不够严谨。,2,，前人工作。,是详尽，全方面地介绍以前相关工作。咱们必须充分地阐述前人包含作者自己已经做过相关工作，以及和本论文联络。这一点需要引发尤其重视。有些人认为讲很多其它人工作并引用许多文件会降低本论文主要性，原创性。实际效果经常相反。,没有充分阐述研究工作背景，不引用与本论文相关主要文件，审稿人最少会认为作者阅读文件不够。,如何撰写医药学sci论文,第25页,引言,3,，问题所在。,指出在相关领域尚待研究，也是本文准备包括问题。不过不要过分地批评他人工作。,4,本文贡献。,在引言个别要将本论文关键点简练明了地用一，二句话点出来，方便读者在读论文主体前已经有一个大约印象，这篇论文将围绕什么主题来讨论。一篇论文值得发表，一定含有新结果。一定是含有和任何前人所作工作不一样地方。,最终，咱们必须强调，引言一定要用自己话来写，而不是将人家论文中引言个别照抄一遍。,如何撰写医药学sci论文,第26页,Materials and Methods,撰写,围绕怎样回答所提,科学问题,或检验,研究假设,展开,研究设计,（病例,-,对照、队列、临床试验；前瞻、回顾）,研究对象,（起源、纳入排除标准、样本量）,研究方法,（资料搜集、样本采集、检测方法、质控伎俩）,统计分析,（变量定义、指标计算、统计方法、分析工具）,技巧：,可采取亚标题、引用文件、过去式描述,如何撰写医药学sci论文,第27页,Not all types of papers include a Materials and Methods section.For example,research-oriented reviews,book-recommending reviews or conference reports do not include detailed descriptions of methods because such reviews usually do not involve the conduction of experiments.,Generally speaking,through this part of the paper,the authors attempt to provide the readers with sufficient amount of details of the experiment so that the lab work can be repeated.With regard to the materials,their sources and purities(for chemicals and reagents)with much precision must be defined;plants,animals,microorganisms and cell lines must be specified;isolation,extraction,identification and purification procedures should be described and ethical protocols for both animal and human research must be followed.Methods should be described in detail if it is uncommon or unknown to the readers,be outlined briefly with a reference if a particular method is well-described elsewhere,yet be only referred to if it has been well-established.Statistical methods in the analysis of data should be stated clearly without lengthy descriptions except when necessary.,Write the Methods section in the past tense.It should not be written as if it were directions in a laboratory manual;therefore,do not,make a list of materials or,give instructions on how to do something.,Materials and Methods,撰写,如何撰写医药学sci论文,第28页,Results,撰写,围绕所开展研究发觉结果（图、表）展开,中心思想：,回答科学问题或可研假说,展开次序：,逻辑次序、时间次序、主次次序,展开方式：,简明扼要、循序渐进、前后衔接、段落明确,结果与方法相对应：,样本量、主要指标、统计量（,P,）,图表相结合：,前后一致，重点介绍、对应补充,技巧：,可用亚标题、过去式、主动式（,We,）为主、不引用文件、客观描述、不实施讨论,如何撰写医药学sci论文,第29页,Results,撰写,In this section,you present the data in a straightforward manner with no analysis of the reasons the results occurred or the biological meaning of the data(these comments are reserved for the Discussion).However,you should interpret the data(preferably statistically),highlight significant data and point out patterns,correlations,and generalizations that emerge.Also write this section using the past tense.,Data are generally organized into tables and/or figures(graphs).Tables and figures must be accompanied by a caption and be referred to in the text.A Results section that includes only a table or a figure and no text is not acceptable.Unreduced,unsummarized,or“raw”data should not be included.The text describes the results presented in tables and figures,calling attention to significant data discussed later in the report.Do not repeat what is already clear to the reader from reviewing the tables and figures,which,if well constructed,will show both the results and experimental design.,Summarize data in a form that allows the reader to easily see any correlations,relationships,or patterns that are important.Typical forms for doing this are tables and figures.Tables are made when it is important that specific values are shown(i.e.means,standard deviations,etc.).Figures are made when it is more important to show trends or relationships of data.Certain requirements,however,must be met:,如何撰写医药学sci论文,第30页,Discussion,撰写,围绕研究结果展开,结果解读：,归纳总结、旁征博引、演绎推断,说明意义：,处理何种问题、有何挑战,批判推广：,研究不足、偏倚，研究结果可靠及推广程度、下一步研究方向,慎重作结：,针对结果、不拓展、不推断，与前文一致！,技巧：阅读文件,如何撰写医药学sci论文,第31页,Discussion,撰写,Through this section,you intend to explain the meaning of the results,giving particular attention to the problem or hypothesis posed in the Introduction.You should address physical,chemical,and biological factors that may have affected the results.The way the results came out may be advantageous or disadvantageous to the biological system being considered(,e.g.,cell,organism)and you should discuss this.To do this competently,you should be familiar with appropriate literature including books and journal articles.Compare the results to the background information and,in doing so,construct explanations why the results occurred.You should also explain differences from or similarities to any related experiments completed by other workers.,In constructing explanations,you reach the conclusions that explain the outcome,and you support those conclusions with well reasoned arguments,and documentation from the scientific literature.In effect,you are presenting and defending a point of v