定语从句分类详解.doc
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1、定语从句一、 限制性与非限制性定语从句(一) 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别 限制性定语从句对先行词起修饰限制作用;而非限制性定语从句是对先行词起补充说明作用。非限制性定语从句中,先行词与定语从句往往有逗号割开。非限制性定语从句相当于并列句、状语从句等。如: I want this man, who (=for he) can speak English. He gave up the plan, which (=though it) was a very good one. I met John, who (=and he) told me the news. I will take
2、 this one, which (=for it) seems to be the best one. He has two sons, who work in the same pany. (He has only two sons.) He has two sons who work in the same pany. (Perhaps he has more than two sons.)(二) 非限制性定语从句中关系代词和关系副词的用法1、 关系代词和关系副词在任何情况下都不能省略;2、 Who(主语),whom(宾语),which(主语、宾语)不能用that代替,也不能互相替换;3
3、、 介词+which/whom+从句结构中,介词不能移到从句的后面;4、 when, where可用于非限制性定语从句。二、 关系代词的用法(一) 关系代词的作用和分类 1、关系代词的作用有三个:(1) 连接作用:关系代词引导从句,把它和主句连接起来;(2) 替代作用:关系代词在从句中替代它前面的先行词;(3) 成分作用:关系代词在从句中总是充当句子成分。 2、关系代词的用法分类关系 代词格 从句用于限制性定语从句和非 限制性定语从句只用于限制性定语从句指人指物既指人又指物主格词Whowhichthat 宾格词Who(m) 属格词Whose/of whomWhose/of whichwhose
4、 关系代词的用法与分类有三点依据:(1) 根据所引导的从句的限制性和非限制性;(2) 根据所替代的先行词是指人还是指物;(3) 根据它在从句中所充当的成分-主语、宾语、表语或者定语。(二) 关系代词that和which的用法1、 限制性定语从句中,必须用关系代词that的情况:(1) 当先行词是不定代词all, much, little, something, everything, anything, nothing, the one时。如: Do you have anything that you want to say for yourself? You should hand in
5、all that you have.(2) 当先行词前面被the only, the very, any, few, little, no, all等词修饰时。如: This is the very person that Im waiting for. The only thing that we can do is to give you some money.(3) 当先行词是形容词最高级或者先行词的前面有形容词最高级修饰时。如: This is the best that has been used against pollution. This is the most interes
6、ting film that Ive ever seen.(4) 当先行词是序数词或它前面有序数词修饰时。如: This train is the last that will go to Suzhou. What is the first American film that you have seen?(5) 当先行词既有人又有物时。如: Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about?(6) 当主句的主语是疑问词who或which时。如: Which is the bike that you lost? Who
7、 is the boy that won the gold medal?(7) 有两个定语从句时,其中一个关系代词也在从句中作表语时。如: They secretly built up a small factory, which produced things that could cause pollution.(8) 当先行词在主句中作表语,而关系代词也在从句中作表语时。如: Shanghai is no longer the city that is used to be.2、 定语从句中,必须用which的情况:(1) 在非限制性定语从句中,只用which不用that。如:Helen
8、 was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others, which, of course, made the others envy him.(2) 当动词短语中的介词提前时,只用which不用that。如:This is a house in which Lu Xun once lived.注意:在一些固定搭配的动词短语中,由于动词和介词不可分割,因此把介词置于关系代词之前。如:This is the pen (which/that) I m looking for.(三) 关系代词who, whom和whose的用法先行词指人:在定
9、语从句中作主语时,用who,不克省略;在定语从句中作宾语时,用whom/that,可以省略;在定语从句中坐定语时,用whose,不可省略。如: She is the girl who lives next door.作主语 Thats the girl (whom/that) I teach.作宾语 Thats the scientist whose achievements are well known.作定语 This is the house whose window broke last night. = This is the house, the window of which b
10、roke last night. = This is the house, of which the widow broke last night.(四)“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句 “介词+关系代词”引导定语从句时,关系代词只能用which或whom,即:介词+whom/which。1. 当介词放在关系代词的前面时,关系代词只能用which或whom,关系代词不能省略。如:(1) Is this the house in which Shakespeare was born?(2) He paid the boy 10 Yuan for washing ten windows, most
11、 of which hadnt been cleaned for at least a year.(3) In the dark street, there wasnt a single person to whom she could turn for help.(4) Recently I bought an ancient vase, the price of which was very reasonable.(5) The gentleman about whom you told me yesterday proved to be a thief.2.在限制性定语从句中,当介词位于
12、定语从句的末尾时,可用that/which ,that/whom/who作介词的宾语,而且作介词宾语的关系代词可以省略。如: that This is the hero who we are proud of. Whom3.”复合介词短语+关系代词which”引导的定语从句,这种结构引导的定语从句常与先行词用逗号分开,定语从句常用倒装语序。如: He lived in a big house, in front of which stood a big tall tree.4.介词+which/whom+不定式结构 The poor man has no house in which to l
13、ive. = The poor man has no house to live in. = The poor man has no house in which he can live.(五)关系代词as引导的定语从句 关系代词as既可以引导限制性定语从句,也可以引导非限制性定语从句,as在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。 引导限制性定语从句常用于下列形式: Such+名词+as像一样的,像之类1. the same+名词+as 和同样的 其中关系代词as在从句中担当主语、宾语或表语。如: We have found such materials as are used in their fact
14、ory. He is not the same man as he was.2.such as Such为代词,意为“这样的人或物”,as在从句中担当成分,修饰先行词such.如: This book is not such as I expect.(六)关系代词as, which的区别 1.as引导的非限制性定语从句,既可在主句前,又可在主句后,有时还克插入主句中,而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能置于主句之后。相同的是两者都可以替代主句的整个内容,而不是主句中的某一个词。如: The weather turned out to be very good, which was more
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