跨文化交际.ppt
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1、1 1Cultural Shock or Acculturation5Historical development2Aspects of Intercultural communicationAspects of Intercultural communication 3Cross-cultural Communicative competence 4Basic concepts1ContentsCases6Cross-cultural communication2 2Basic conceptsWhat is culture?What is communication?What is Cro
2、ss-cultural communication?3 3What is Communication?It comes from the Latin word“communicare”,it means to give or to exchange.Now,the most common meaning of“communication”is to give or exchange information or ideas.Communication is our ability to share our ideas and feelings.(the basis of all human c
3、ontact)Communication is a dynamic,systematic process in which meanings are created and reflected in human interaction with symbols.(Griffin,2006:54)4 4交际传理交通通信传播沟通交流CommunicationVarious Chinese Translations of CommunicationCommunication5 5Types of Communicationhuman communication(人类交际)animal communi
4、cation(动物交际)human-animal communication(人类与动物的交际)human-machine communication(人机交际)machine-to-machine communication(机器交际)6 6Linear Model of CommunicationSenderReceiverChannel(message)encodingdecodingnoiseIs this an effective model of communication?Mode of Communication大家有疑问的,可以询问和交流大家有疑问的,可以询问和交流可以互相讨
5、论下,但要小声点可以互相讨论下,但要小声点可以互相讨论下,但要小声点可以互相讨论下,但要小声点7 78 8Interactive Model of CommunicationSenderReceiverSenderReceiverencodingdecodingnoiseFeedback is essential to good communicationdecodingencodingmessage/channelmessage/channel9 9Elements of communicationContext(location,time,light,temperature,seating
6、 arrangements)Participants(relationship,gender,culture)Messages(meanings,symbols,encoding and decoding)Channels(sound,sight,smell,taste,touch)Noise(external noise,internal noise,semantic noise)Feedback(Griffin,2006:94)1010Characteristics of communication1)Communication is dynamic2)Communication is i
7、nteractive3)Communication is irreversible4)Communication takes place in both a physical and social context.(Griffin,2006)1111What is Cross-cultural Communication?Cross-cultural communication is communication between people whose cultural perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter th
8、e communication event.Cross-cultural communication refers to any communication between two members of any cultural communities.(Samovar and Porter,2004:47)1212Cross-cultural Communication Vs Intercultural Communication Cross-cultural communication the similarities and differences in value orientatio
9、ns,affective dispositions,communicative styles etc.(psychological process)Intercultural communication the penetration by a member of one culture into another culture(practical significance)In Chinese:“跨文化交际学”或“跨文化交流学”1313Historical developmentThe establishment of the Foreign Service Institute(1940s-
10、50s);The body of work by anthropologist Edward T.Hall(1950s);The launching of cross-cultural organizations(1970s-80s);The increase of cross-cultural coursework in colleges and universities(1970s-80s);The growth of a body of work in cross-cultural communication theory and research(1980s-present)(Dijk
11、,1998:145)1414Interdisciplinary orientationThese fields include:anthropologycultural studies psychology communication 1515Classical Works in the FieldIn 1940,Franz Boas,Race,Language and Culture.In 1957,firstly“Cross cultural studies”by Robert Lado in his Linguistic Across Cultures(跨文化语言学).He discus
12、sed the cultural comparison in three aspects:form,meaning and distribution(顾嘉祖,4).In 1959,the Silent Language by Edward T.Hall initiated the cross-cultural studies.R.Oliver,1962,Culture and communicationA.G.Smith,1966,Culture and communicationIn 1970s,ICA(International Communication Association)acce
13、pted Cross-cultural Communication as a branch discipline.as a discipline)Journals:International and Intercultural Journal of Intercultural Relations.1616A Monumental FigureEdward Twitchell Hall,(1914 2009),American anthropologist and cross-cultural researcher.Hall introduced a number of new concepts
14、,including proxemics,polychronic and monochronic time,and high and low context cultures.The Silent Language(1959)The Hidden Dimension(1966)Beyond Culture(1976)1717Proxemics(人际距离学)It refers to a description of how people behave and react in different types of culturally-defined personal space.Four ca
15、tegories of distance include:Friendsand relativessocial distancepublic distance1818Time systems(Hall,1976)Monochronic Time(M-Time)Polychronic Time(P-Time)美国人类学家霍尔(美国人类学家霍尔(Edward Hall)在)在(Beyond Culture)一书中首次区分了)一书中首次区分了两种不同的时间观念两种不同的时间观念,即即“单向计时制单向计时制”(monochronic time)和)和“多向计时多向计时制制”(polychronic t
16、ime)1919Monochronic Time(M-Time)It schedules one event at a time.In these cultures time is perceived as a linear structure just like a ribbon stretching from the past into the future.e.g.American “单向计时制重视日程安排、阶段时间和准时”,认为“时间是线性的、可分割的,就象一条道路或带子向前伸展到未来,向后延伸到过去”。美国人特别强调把时间分割成不同的时段来安排活动,强调守时,严格按照日程一次做一件事
17、情(do one thing at a time)2020Polychronic Time(P-Time)P-time schedules several activities at the same time.It is more flexible and more humanistic.People from P-time system emphasize the involvement of people more than schedules.They do not see appointments as ironclad commitments and sometimes break
18、 them(Hall,1976:73).e.g.Chinese,Latin American,Arab and most Asian cultures 2121Aspects of Cross-cultural CommunicationHigh and Low Context Cultures Verb and Non Verbal Communication 2222High and Low context culturesThe idea of context in culture was an idea put forth by an anthropologist by the nam
19、e of Edward T Hall.Hall broke up culture into two main groups:High and Low context cultures.He referred to context as the stimuli,environment or ambiance surrounding the environment.2323High-context Culture:In high-context messages,meaning is not necessarily contained in words.Information is provide
20、d through gestures,the use of space,and even silence.Meaning is also conveyed through status(age,sex,education,family background,title,and affiliation)(Hall,1959:97).High-Context cultures assume the individual is knowledgeable about the subject and has to be given very little background information.
21、High-context cultures include Chinese,Japanese,Chinese,Japanese,Middle EasternersMiddle Easterners,etc.2424Low-context Culture:In low-context messages,the majority of the information is vested in the explicit code.low-context cultures assume that the individuals know very little about what they are
22、being told,and therefore must be given a lot of background information.Low-context cultures include English,North American,German,etc.2525 verbalnon-verballanguageothersbody languageothersspeakingwritingsoundspoken languagewritten languageinformalformalparalinguisticssign language gesturesflag,codes
23、 human communicationDiagram of human communication2626Verbal CommunicationParalanguage(伴随语言伴随语言):refers to voice characteristics and vocal qualities.Paralinguistics is the study of such aspects of speech as tone,volume,pitch and tempo,pause and the like which are together with verbal information.Our
24、 voice may be one of the most informative elements in building up our images.2727(1)Pitch Pitch decides hesitation or emphasis.When one is excited,his/her voice would be high in pitch,quick in rate,and there will be no pauses between sentences;When one is sad or depressed,his/her voice traits would
25、surely be the opposite.2828(2)Volume Control The English always speak in lower voice than Chinese when they make speech or a lecture,or talking with each other,or phoning.But Chinese often speak in loud voice in the aforesaid occasions.American are more skilled in regulating their voice volume and u
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- 文化 交际
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