英语词汇学备用1市公开课金奖市赛课一等奖课件.pptx

,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Chapter 1,The Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabulary,第1页,第1页,Language,linguistics&lexicology,Language is,a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for,human communication.,It is a specific social action and a,carrier of information.,Language is a system of human communication which,consists of the structured arrangement of sounds(or their,written representation)into larger units,e.g.,morphemes,words,sentences,utterances.,Language,第2页,第2页,Generally speaking,linguistics can be defined as the scientific study of language,.,To be more exact,linguistics studies the general principles upon which languages are constructed and operate as systems of human communication.,Linguistics,第3页,第3页,Lexicology is a branch of linguistics concerned with the study of,the vocabulary,of a given language.,It deals with,words,their origin,development,structure,formation,meaning and usage.In short,it is the study of the signification and application of words.,What is lexicology?,第4页,第4页,The significance of the course,:,Develop your personal vocabulary and consciously increase your word power(active vocabulary).,Understand word-meaning and organize,classify and store words more effectively.,Raise your awareness of meaning and usages,use words more accurately and appropriately.,Develop your skills and habits of analyzing and generalizing linguistic phenomena in your learning experiences.,Ultimately improve your receptive and productive skills in language processing as well as language production.,第5页,第5页,Aims of the course:,Give a systematic description of the English vocabulary.,Offer an insight into the origin and development of the English vocabulary.,Discuss the problems of word-structure and word-formation,Study the use of English words,their meanings and changes in meaning,their sense relations.,第6页,第6页,The total number of the words in a language.,All the words used in a particular historical period.,All the words of a given dialect,a given book,a given discipline and the words possessed by an individual person,.,What is vocabulary?,第7页,第7页,speaking vocabulary-active vocabulary,writing vocabulary-active vocabulary,reading vocabulary-passive vocabulary,guess vocabulary-passive vocabulary,Ones personal vocabulary can be divided into:,第8页,第8页,What Is a Word?,A word is,a minimal free form,;,A word has,a sound,;,A word,is,meaningful,;,A word,is,syntactically functional,.,A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound,meaning and syntactic function.,第9页,第9页,Definition in Chinese:,词，今指语言组织中基础单位，能独立利用，含有声音，意义和语法功效。,（,辞海,，,1984,，,375,页，上海辞书出版社,）,第10页,第10页,Sound and meaning,As for the relationship between,sound and meaning,there has been no agreement.One is called the,Naturalists(,自然派,),，,the other is called,the Conventionalists(,规约派,).,The former thinks,there exists an intrinsic correspondence between sound and sense,while the latter thinks“,there is no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself,”.The relationship between them is conventional.,第11页,第11页,Arbitrary,A word is a symbol that stands for something else in the world.,The symbolic connection is always arbitrary,and there is no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and the idea itself.,e.g.dog,book,第12页,第12页,Whats in a name?That which we call a rose.By any,other name would smell as sweet.,-Shakespeare:,Romeo and Juliet,(II,ii,1-2),In Shakespeares opinion,if we use another word,instead of the word“rose”.This kind of,玫瑰花,smells,sweet,too.,第13页,第13页,Conventional,The relationship between sound and meaning is conventional.,In different languages,on the one hand,the same concept can be represented by different sounds,.,e.g.woman,frau(Ger),femme(F),fn(,妇女,),on the other hand,the same sound can be used to denote different things in one language,.,e.g.mi:t meet,meat,mete,第14页,第14页,Sound and form,It is generally agreed that the,sound should be consistent with the form,.But in English,there are,more differences,between the two.The reasons for the differences are:,The English alphabet was adopted from the Romans,and,it does not have a separate letter to represent each sound,in the language so that some letters must,work together in combination.,The pronunciation has changed,more rapidly than spelling over years.E.g.,sum,cum,wuman,wunder,munk,some,come,woman,wonder,monk,第15页,第15页,The borrowing,has come.,Early borrowings were assimilated,later ones do not conform to the roles of English pronunciation and spelling.,E.g.,stimulus,denouement,fiesta,eureka,kimono,.,fish ghoti,gh,like the,f,in,laugh,o,like the,i,in,women,ti,like the,sh,in,nation,.,Hym,n,condem,n,bom,b,hym,n,al,condem,n,ation,bom,b,ard,第16页,第16页,Classification of English words,English words may fall into:,In terms of use frequency:,the basic word stock,and,nonbasic vocabulary,In terms of,notion:,content words,and,functional words,In terms of,origin:,native words,and,borrowed words,In terms of,morphology:,simple words,compounds,and,derived words,.,第17页,第17页,the basic word stock,nonbasic vocabulary,The basic word stock,is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language.,Words that do not belong to the common core of the English language,第18页,第18页,The characteristics of the basic word stock,(1)all national character,Words of the basic word stock denote the most common things and phenomena of the world around us,which are indispensable to all the people who speak the language.,第19页,第19页,(1)All National Character,Natural phenomena:,rain,snow,fire,water,sun,moon,spring,wind,hill;,Human body and relations:,head,foot,hand,face,father,mother,brother,sister,son,daughter;,Names of plants and animals:,oak,pine,grass,pear,apple,tree,horse,cow,sheep,cat,dog,chicken,Action,size,domain,state:,come,go,eat,hear,beat,carry,good,evil,old,young,hot,cold,heavy,white,black,Numerals,pronouns,prepositions,conjunctions:,one,ten,hundred,I,you,your,who,in,out,under,and,but,till,as,第20页,第20页,(2)Stability,Words of the basic stock have been in use for centuries.,As they denote the commonest things necessary to life,they are likely to remain unchanged.,e.g.,man,fire,mountain,water,sun,moon;,However,stability is only relative,e.g.,arrow,bow,chariot,knight,move out,electricity,machine,car,plane,computer,radio,television,internet,entered,.,第21页,第21页,(3)Productivity,Most root words or monosyllabic words can be,used alone or to form new words with other,roots and affixes.,e.g.,foot,:,footage,football,footpath,footfall,footed,footloose,footling,footman,footing,footprint,第22页,第22页,(4)Polysemy,:,Plurality of meanings.,e.g.,take,:,a.to move or carry from one place to another,b.to remove or use without permission or by mistake,c.to seize or capture,d.to get for oneself,e.to get hold of sth.with the hands,f.to be willing to accept,g.to bear or endure,h.to need(a stated amount of time),i.to perform the action connected with,j.to test or measure,k.to write down,l.to have the intended effort or to work successfully,第23页,第23页,(5)Collocability,Words enter a number of set expressions,idiomatic usages,proverbial sayings and the like,.,e.g.,heart:,a change of heart;after ones heart;,a heart of gold;at heart;cross ones heart;cry,ones heart out;eat ones heart out;have ones,heart in ones mouth;heart and hand;heart,and soul;take something to heart;wear ones,heart upon ones sleeve;with all ones heart etc.,第24页,第24页,Terminology,(,术语,):,technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas.,medicine,:hepatitis,肝炎,indigestion,penicilin;,mathematics,:,algebra,trigonometry,calculus,;,music,:,symphony,orchestra,sonata,concerto,;,education,:,audiovisual,megauniversity,microteaching;,Nonbasic vocabulary includes,第25页,第25页,Jargons,(,行话,),：,the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts,sciences,trades and professions communicate among themselves.,a bear market,熊市,a bull market,牛市,CAPI,（,Communication Application Program Interface,）通信应用程序接口,CPI,(Consumer Price Index),PPI,(,Producer Price Index,),第26页,第26页,Slangs,(,俚语,),：,the sub-standard languages,which are used by specific groups of the population.,cancer stick:,cigarette,feel no pain:,be drunk,in the soup:,in serious trouble,bring down:,disappoint,kick the bucket:,die,egghead,第27页,第27页,tart:loose woman,gat:pistol,chicken:coward,smoky:police,dame:woman,bloke:fellow swell:great,blue:fight,full:drunk,beaver:girl,p.14 Ex.7,第28页,第28页,Argots,(,黑话,),：,a secret language used by various groupsincluding,but not limited to,thieves and other criminalsto prevent outsiders from understanding their conversations.,can-opener,=all-purpose key,dip,=pick-pocket,雷子,/,扳子,=,警察,上天窗，下平台，掏底兜，插马后,（南京小偷暗语）,找光阴,=,掏包,皮子,=,钱包,第29页,第29页,Dialectal words,(,方言词,),：,words which are used only by speakers of the dialect.,beauty,（,AuE=excellent,great),auld,(Scot=old),瘪三,=Beg Sir,乞丐,Archaisms,(,古词,/,古语,/,古语词,):,words which were once in common use,but now are restricted only to specialized or limited use.They are found mainly in older poems,legal documents and religious writing or speech.,thou/thee,=you,wilt,=will,第30页,第30页,p.14 Ex.8,haply=perhaps,methinks=it seems to me,sooth=truth,troth=pledge,quoth=said,billow=wave/the sea,albeit=although,eke=also,morn=morning,ere=before,hallowed=holy,bade=bid,第31页,第31页,Neologisms,(,新词语,/,新词,/,旧词新义,),：,newly created words and expressions,or words that have taken on new meanings.,glocalization,=globalization+localization,Microelectronics;futurology;data bank;memory;the Pill,AIDS;internet,最新,当代汉语词典,第六版收录近,3000,新词：,黄金周 雷人 宅男 宅女 劈腿 给力,低碳 搞掂 八卦 达人 北漂 碰瓷,蚁族 香蕉人,MBA,第32页,第32页,Content words,Functional words,denote clear notions,known as,notional words,including,:,nouns,verbs,adjectives,adverbs,numerals.,do not have notions of their own.,Known as,empty,words,or,form words,including:,prepositions,conjunctions,auxiliaries,articles.,第33页,第33页,Native words,Borrowed words,are words brought to Britain in the fifth century by the German tribes:the Angles,the Saxons,and the Jutes,thus known as,Anglo-Saxon words.,Although native words are small in number,they form the mainstream of the basic word stock.,Words taken over from foreign languages are known as,borrowed words or loan words or borrowings.,第34页,第34页,Besides the characteristics(all national character,stability,productivity,polysemy and Collocability),native words have two other features:,1)Neutral in style,Since native words denote the commonest things in,human society,they are used by all people,in all places,on all occasions,and at all times.So they are not,stylistically specific.,2)Frequent in use,Native words are most frequently used in everyday,speech and writing.Although native words are small in,number,their percentage in use runs usually as high as,70%to 90%.,Characteristics of native words,第35页,第35页,According to the degree of assimilation and manner of,borrowing,borrowed words,can be divided into four classes,a.Denizens(,同化词,),Denizens are words borrowed early in the past and now assimilated into the English language.In other words they have come to conform to the English way of pronunciation and spelling.,port,from,portus,(L),cup,from,cuppa,(L),change,from,changier,(F),pork,from,porc,(F),第36页,第36页,b.Aliens(,非同化词,),Aliens are borrowed words which have retained their,original pronunciation and spelling.,dcor,(F),blitzkrieg,(G),kowtow,(CH),bazaar,(Per),第37页,第37页,c.Translation Loans (,译借词,),Translation loans are words and expressions formed,from the existing material in the English language but,modeled on the patterns taken from another language.,Subdivided into:,Words translated according to the meaning:,mother tongue,from,lingua materna,(L),a slip of the tongue,from,lapsus linguae,(L),masterpiece,from,Meisterstuck,(G),black humour,from,humour noir,(F),long time no see,(CH),Words translated according to the sound:,ketchup,from,fanchiejiang,(CH dial.),lama,from,lama,(Tib),tea,from,te,(CH dial.),第38页,第38页,d.Semantic Loans(,借意词,),Words,of this category are not borrowed with,reference to the form but to the meaning.In,other words,English has borrowed a new,meaning from an existing word in the language.,dream,:,originally meant,joy,music,;,pioneer,:once,signified,explorer,person doing,pioneering work,now has taken on new,meaning,“a member of the Young Pioneer”,from,Russian.,第39页,第39页,p.15 Ex.12,Denizens,Aliens,Translation loans,Semantic loans,kettle,die,wall,skirt,husband,confrere,pro patria,Wunderkind,mikado,parvenu,chopstick,typhoon,black humour,long time no see,dream,第40页,第40页,Give a term for each of the following definitions:,1.sub-standard words often used on informal occasions,(slangs),2.specialized vocabulary common in certain professions,(jargons),3.words used by sub-cultural groups particularly by,underground society,(argots),4.words that have clear notions,(content words),5.words of Anglo-Saxon origin,(native words),6.words borrowed by way of translation,(translation-loans),7.old words with new meanings,(neologisms),第41页,第41页,Recommended Readings:,汪榕培、卢晓娟，,1997,，,英语词汇学教程,。上海：上海外语教育出版社。,林承璋,英语语言学引论,。武汉：武汉大学出版社。,林福美，,1985,，,当代英语词汇学,。合肥：安徽教育出版社。,张维友，,1999,英语词汇学,。北京：外语教学与研究出版社。,张韵斐、周锡卿，,1986,，,当代英语词汇学概论,（,An Introduction to Modern English Lexicology,）。北京：北京师范大学出版社。,Nation,I.S.P.1990.,Teaching and Learning Vocabulary,.Boston:Heinle&Heinle.,Nation,I.S.P.,Learning Vocabulary in Another Language,.Cambridge:CUP.,第42页,第42页,