Chap导言经济学原理曼昆中英文双语PPT课件.ppt
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1、Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.Principles of EconomicsThird EditionbyN.Gregory Mankiw经济学原理(第三版)11 INTRODUCTION 导言 2Ten Principles of Economics经济学十大原理Chapter 13Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.Economy.经济 .The word economy comes f
2、rom a Greek word for“one who manages a household.”经济一词来源于希腊语,意思是“管理家庭的人”。4Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.A household and an economy face many decisions:一个家庭和经济体面临很多决策:uWho will work?谁去工作?uWhat goods and how many of them should be produced?应该生产什么物品?应该生产多少?5Harcour
3、t,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.A household and an economy face many decisions:一个家庭和经济体面临很多决策:uWhat resources should be used in production?应该用什么资源生产?uAt what price should the goods be sold?物品的销售价格应该是多少?6Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.
4、Society and Scarce Resources:社会和稀缺资源:The management of societys resources is important because resources are scarce.因为资源是稀缺的,所以社会资源的管理就很重要。7Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.Scarcity.稀缺.means that society has limited resources and therefore cannot produce all the go
5、ods and services people wish to have.意思是说,社会拥有有限的资源,不能生产出人们想要的所有物品与劳务。8Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.Economics 经济学Economics is the study of how society manages its scarce resources.经济学研究社会如何管理自己的稀缺资源的学科。9Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Har
6、court,Inc.Economists study.经济学家研究 uHow people make decisions.人们如何作出决策uHow people interact with each other.人们如何与他人相互交易uThe forces and trends that affect the economy as a whole.影响整体经济的力量和趋势10Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.Ten Principles of EconomicsPeople face trad
7、eoffs.The cost of something is what you give up to get it.Rational people think at the margin.People respond to incentives.How People Make Decisions11Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.经济学十大原理人们面临权衡取舍某东西的成本就是为得到它所放弃的东西理性人考虑边际量人们会对激励作出反应人们如何作出决策12Harcourt,Inc.items an
8、d derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.Ten Principles of EconomicsTrade can make everyone better off.Markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity.Governments can sometimes improve economic outcomes.How People Interact with each other13Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copy
9、right 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.经济学十大原理贸易可以使每个人状况更好。市场通常是组织经济活动的一种好方法。政府有时能改善市场经济效果。人们如何与他人相互交易14Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.Ten Principles of EconomicsThe standard of living depends on a countrys production.Prices rise when the government prints too much money.Soc
10、iety faces a short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment.The forces and trends that affect how the economy as a whole works15Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.经济学十大原理一国的生活水平取决于它生产物品与劳务的能力。当政府发行了过多货币时,物价上升。社会面临通货膨胀与失业之间的短期权衡取舍。影响整体经济如何运行的力量和趋势16Harcourt,Inc
11、.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.1.People face tradeoffs.人们面临权衡取舍“There is no such thing as a free lunch!”天下没有免费的午餐17Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.1.1.People face tradeoffs.To get one thing,we usually have to give up another thing.u Guns v
12、.butteru Food v.clothingu Leisure time v.worku Efficiency v.equityMaking decisions requires trading off one goal against another.18Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.1.人们面临权衡取舍为了得到我们喜爱的一件东西,我们通常不得不放弃另一件喜爱的东西。大炮 vs.黄油 食物 vs.衣服 休闲 vs.工作 效率 vs.平等 作决策时需要在两个目标之间权衡取舍19Harc
13、ourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.1.1.People face tradeoffs.uEfficiency means society gets the most that it can from its scarce resources.uEquity means the benefits of those resources are distributed fairly among the members of society.Efficiency v.Equity20Harcourt,Inc.
14、items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.1.人们面临权衡取舍u效率 社会能从其稀缺资源中得到最多东西的特性。u平等 社会资源的经济成果在社会成员中公平分配的特性。效率与平等21Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.2.2.The cost of something is what you give up to get it.Decisions require comparing costs and benefits of alt
15、ernatives.uWhether to go to college or to work?uWhether to study or go out on a date?uWhether to go to class or sleep in?22Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.2.某东西的成本就是为得到它所放弃的东西作出决策时需要比较可供选择的行动方案的成本与收益u上大学还是去工作?u学习还是出去约会?u去上课还是睡觉?23Harcourt,Inc.items and derived ite
16、ms copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.2.The cost of something is what you give up to get it某东西的成本就是为得到它所放弃的东西The opportunity cost of an item is what you give up to obtain that item.机会成本为了得到某种东西所必需放弃的东西。24Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.2.The Cost of Something Is What
17、You Give Up to Get It.LA Laker basketball star Kobe Bryant chose to skip college and go straight from high school to the pros where he has earned millions of dollars.25Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.当预期在四年之内赚得上千万美元时,高中篮球明星科比.布赖恩特(Kobe Bryant)决定不读大学而直接进入职业篮球联盟(NBA
18、)。2.某东西的成本就是为得到它所放弃的东西26Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.3.Rational people think at the margin理性人考虑边际量Marginal changes are small,incremental adjustments to an existing plan of action.边际变动对当前行动计划微小的增量调整。People make decisions by comparing costs and benefits at the ma
19、rgin.人们作决策时需要比较边际成本和边际利益。27Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.4.4.People respond to incentives.uMarginal changes in costs or benefits motivate people to respond.uThe decision to choose one alternative over another occurs when that alternatives marginal benefits excee
20、d its marginal costs!28Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.4.人们会对激励作出反应u成本或收益的边际改变会激励人们作出反应。u当一个方案的边际收益大于边际成本时,人们选择这个方案,而不去选择别的。29Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.2024/3/15 周五30Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by H
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