英汉语言对比Chapter-6-被动与主动.pptx

Passive VS.Active nPassive English:n一、施事的原因不需要或不可能指明时：nThe murderer was caught yesterday,and it is said that he will be hanged.nShe told me that her master had dismissed her.No reason had been assigned;no objection had been made to her conduct.She had been forbidden to appeal to her mistress.nAt the tea party only tea and cake were served.n二、句法要求：nSome kinds of plastics can be forced through machines which separate them into long,thin strings,called“fibers”,and these fibers can be made into cloth.nI was astonished that he was prepared to give me a job.n三、修辞的需要：nThere are many ways to vary the basic English sentence pattern of subject-verb-object.nThe basic English sentence pattern of subject-verb-object can be varied in many ways.n四、文体的需要：nTherefore,when we are received with so much honor and so much kindness in this great country I believe that the Peoples Republic of China is doing a very significant thing.n英语结构被动句（syntactic passive）比意义被动句（notional passive）多.nSentence/vocabulary:nexaminee,referee,desirable,eatable.nThese products sell like hot cakes.nThe clock winds up at the back.nShe dresses beautifully.nThe room filled rapidly.nThis kind of cloth washes very well.nThe book is printing.Active Chinesen英语常用结构被动式，汉语常用意义被动式：n一、汉语被动式的使用受到限制：nIt was well done.n这件事做得好（这件事被做得好）nIt was poorly done.n这件事做得不好/这件事给弄糟了。n1、inflictive voice 不幸语态：n庄稼让大水冲跑了。nThe crops were washed away by the flood.n这股敌人全给游击队消灭了。nThe whole horde of enemy soldiers was wiped out by the guerrillas.n2、汉语被动句多用于动句中，表动作：nThe glass is broken.n玻璃杯破了。（不用被动）nThe glass was broken by my brother.n玻璃杯被我弟弟打破了。（被动）nThe house is surrounded by trees.n房子周围都是树。nThe enemy was soon surrounded by our troops.n敌人很快就被我军包围了。nMore examples:nHe is respected by everybody.n人人都尊敬他。nJohn actually loved Mary and was loved in return.nMy holiday afternoons were spent in rambles about the surrounding country.nLanguage is shaped by,and shapes,human thought.nThe Chinese Table Tennis Team also visited a Manhattan public school,delighting the pupils and being delighted by them.nMore on Page125n二、使用受事“主语”（receptor subject）/“主题”（topic）/“话题”（theme）导致大量的“当然被动句”:n一匹马骑两个人。nTwo persons rode one horse.n这锅饭能吃十人。nA pot of rice like this can feed 10 people.n困难克服了，工作完成了，问题也解决了。nThe difficulties have been overcome,the work has been finished and the problem solved.n三、当不需要或不可能说出施事者的时候，汉语可采用无主句或主语省略句来保持句子的主动式：n要制造飞机，就必须仔细考虑空气阻力问题。nAir resistance must be given careful consideration when the aircraft is to be manufactured.n为什么总把这些麻烦事推给我呢？nWhy should all the unpleasant jobs be pushed on to me.四、当施事者难以指明时，汉语还可以采用通称（generic person）或泛称（如“人”、“有人”“人们”“大家”“人家”“别人”等）作主语，以保持句子的主动形式：nHe has often,not always justly,been accused of indecisiveness.n人们常常指责他优柔寡断，虽然这种指责并不总是公正的。nVoices were heard calling for help.n有人听见呼救的声音。n众所周知，中国人很久以前就发明了指南针。nIt is well known that the compass was invented in China long ago.n人们必须联系世界环境去认识和研究人口控制问题。nThe problem of population control has to be recognized and approached in a world environment context.五、当不便使用被动式时，汉语还可采用某些转换式来表达被动意义：n1、处置式（“把字式”或“将字式”）nThese questions should not be confused.n不要把这些问题混在一起。nThe mechanical energy can be changed back into electrical energy by a generator.n利用发电机，可以将机械能再变回电能。n2、“为所”式：n茅屋为秋风所破。nThe thatched house was destroyed by the autumn storm.n3、“是的”式：n这些产品是我国制造的。nThese products are made in our country.n4、“的是”式：n推荐我的是一位教授。nI was recommended by a professor.n5、“加以/予以”式：n这个问题将在下一章加以讨论。nThis question will be discussed in the next chapter.