《新概念英语》第二册语法精粹.doc
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1、精品教育新概念英语第二册语法精粹一、冠词The Article知识要点:冠词是一种虚词,放在名词的前面,帮助说明名词的含义。冠词分不定冠词(The Indefinite Article)和定冠词(The definite Article)两种。a (an) 是不定冠词,a用在辅音之前:如a book, a man; an用在元音之前,如:an old man, an hour, an interesting book等。the是定冠词。一、不定冠词的用法1、指人或事物的某一种类(泛指)。这是不定冠词a (an)的基本用法。如:She is a girl. I am a teacher. Ple
2、ase pass me an apple.2、指某人或某物,但不具体说明何人或何物。如:He borrowed a story-book from the library.A Wang is looking for you. 一位姓王的同志正在找你。3、表示数量,有“一”的意思,但数的概念没有one强烈。如:I have a mouth, a nose and two eyes.4、用于某些固定词组中。如:a bit, a few, a little, a lot of, a piece of, a cup of, a glass of, a pile of, a pair of, have
3、a good time, for a while, for a long time等。5、用在抽象名词前,表具体的介绍a + 抽象名词,起具体化的作用。如:This little girl is a joy to her parents. 这女孩对她父母来说是一个乐趣。It is a pleasure to talk with you. 跟您交谈真是一件愉快的事情。It is an honour to me to attend the meeting. 参加这个会,对我来说是一种荣誉。二、定冠词的用法:1、特指某(些)人或某(些)事物。这是定冠词the的基本用法。如:Beijing is th
4、e capital of China.The pen on the desk is mine.2、指谈话双方都知道的人或事物。如:Where is the teacher?Open the window, please.3、指上文提过的人或事物(第二次出现)。如:There was a chair by the window. On the chair sat a young woman with a baby in her arms.The baby was thin.4、用在世界上独一无二的事物前。如:the earth, the moon, the sun.5、用在序数词和形容词最高级前
5、。(副词最高级前的定冠词可省略)如:He is always the first to come to school.Bob is the tallest in his class.6、用在某些专有名词前(由普通名词构成的专用名词)。如:the Great Wall, the Summer Palace, the Science Museum, the Childrens Palace, the Party等。7、用在一些习惯用语中。如:on the day, in the morning (afternoon, evening), the day after tomorrow, the da
6、y before yesterday, the next year, by the way等。8、用在江河湖海、山脉前。如:the Yellow River, the Pacific Ocean, the Alps, the Himalayas9、用在报刊、杂志前。如:the Peoples Daily, the Evening Paper, the Times 泰晤士报。10、表示某一家人要加定冠词。如:The Browns are at home to receive visitors today. 布朗一家今天要接待客人。11、用在形容词前,表某一类人。如:the poor, the w
7、ounded, the living, the dead, the rich, the sick等。12、定冠词可以表示一事物内部的某处。如:The driver always sits in the front of the bus(car).三、零冠词(即不用冠词):1、专用名词和不可数名词前。如:China, America, Grade One, Class Two, milk, oil, water, paper, science等。2、名词前已有作定语用的this, that, my, your, some, any等代词。如:Go down this street.3、复数名词表
8、示一类人或事物时。如:We are students. I like reading stories.4、节日、日期、月份、季节前。如:Teachers Day, Childrens Day, National Day, in summer, in July等。Today is New Years Day. It is Sunday. March 8 is Womens Day.5、在称呼语或表示头衔的名词前,尤其作表语、宾补时。如:Whats the matter, Granny? We elected him monitor.6、在某些习惯用语中的名词前。如:at noon, at nig
9、ht, at first, at last, at most, at least, by bus(train, air, sea), in bed, in time, in front of, go to school, go to bed, go to college, on foot, at table, in ink, in pencil等。7、在三餐饭和球类运动前。如:She goes to school after breakfast every morning.We are going to play football.We usually have lunch at school
10、.8、科目前不加。如:We learn Chinese, maths, English and some other subjects. 【专项训练】:1、 We cant live withoutair.AanBCtheDsome2、Have you seenpen? I left it here this morning.Is itblack one? I think I saw it somewhere.Aa; theBthe; theCthe; aDa; a3、Ive been waiting for him forhour andhalf.A; Bthe; aCa; theDan;
11、a4、Whatfine weather we have today!AaBCsomeDan5、Have you ever seenas tall as this one?Aa treeBsuch treeCan treeDtree6、Children usually go toschool atage of six.A; theBa; anCthe; Dthe; the7、Himalayas ishighest mountain inworld.A; the;BThe; the; theCA; a; aD;8、They each have_book. Li Huas is aboutwrite
12、r. Wang Lins is on science.Aa; a; Bthe; ; theC; the; Da; the; a9、Physics isscience of matter and energy.AThe; B; C; theDA; a10、sun rises ineast and sets inwest.AA; an; aBThe;CThe; the; theDA; the; a11、Many people agree that_knowledge of English is a must ininternational trade today.Aa;Bthe; anCthe;
13、theD; the12、_Mr Jones called while you were out (neither of us knows this man). He was in bad temper.A;aBA;CThe; theDA; a13、They were atdinner then. It wasdelicous one.Aa; theB;C;aDa; a14、what kind of car do you want to buy?ABtheCaDan15、Alice is fond of playingpiano while Henry is interested in list
14、ening tomusic.A; theB;Cthe; Dthe; the16、Beyondstars, the astronaut saw nothing butspace.Athe; B; theC;Dthe; the17、Alexander Graham Bell inventedtelephone in 1876.ABaCtheDone18、Wheres Jack?I think hes still inbed, but he might just be inbathroom.A;Bthe; theCthe; D; the19、Many people are still inhabit
15、 of writing silly things inpublic places.Athe; theB;Cthe; D; the20、Id likeinformation about the management of your hotel, please.Well, you could haveword with the manager. He might be helpful.Asome; aBan; someCsome; someDan; a【答案】:1、B air是不可数名词。2、D 此题为97年高考题。根据句意,第一空是泛指,第一次出现;第二空仍是泛指,且表数量“”。3、D 元音前用
16、an。4、B weather是不可数名词。5、A 此题为85年高考题。泛指。6、A go to school是固定短语。7、B 山脉、形容词最高级及世界上的唯一的名词前加定冠词。8、A 第一、二空泛指,第三空,science是不可数名词。9、C 第一空,科目前不加冠词;第二空特指,有定语。10、C11、A 第一空,a + 不可数名词表具体的介绍;第二空,trade不可数。12、D 第一空是指有一位琼斯先生在您不在的时候来访。(括号里说明,我们俩都不认识这个人,因此不是特指。)第二空是固定短语,情绪不好。13、C 第一空at dinner正在吃饭,固定短语。14、A 泛指15、C 此题是89年高
17、考题:乐器前加定冠词;music是不可数名词。16、A 此题是90年高考题:stars前应加定冠词;space不可数。17、C 此题是91年高考题:发明应是特指。18、D 此题是92年高考题。in bed是固定短语,不加冠词。19、C 此题是93年高考题。第一空后有定语,固是特指。第二空, public places,公共场所,泛指。20、A 此题是95年高考题。information是不可数名词;have a word with sb.是固定短语。二、名词Nouns知识要点:一、名词的种类:1、专有名词:1)China, Japan, Beijing, London, Tom, Jack(不
18、加冠词)2)the Great Wall, the Yellow River, the Peoples Republic of China, the United States等。(由普通名词构成的专有名词,要加定冠词。)2、普通名词1)不可数名词注意:不可数名词前一般不加冠词,尤不加不定冠词:若加a(an)则使之具体化了。如:have a wonderful time.不可数名词作主语,谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。不可数名词一般无复数形式。部分物质名词在表不同类别时,可用复数形式。如:fishes, newspapers, waters, snows| | | 各种各样的鱼 各种报纸 河湖、
19、海水 积雪有些抽象名词也常用复数,变为可数的具体的事物。如:times时代,works著作,difficulties困难在表数量时,常用“of”词组来表示。如:a glass of milk, a cup of tea, two pieces of paper.2)可数名词:可数名词除用复数形式表一类之外,一般都要加冠词:A bird can fly.The frog is a kind of hibernating animal. Vegetables sold at this shop are usually fresh.有复数形式:a)规则变化加“s”或“es”(与初中同,略)b)不规则
20、变化child (children), foot (feet), tooth (teeth), man (men), woman (women), mouse (mice), goose (geese), Englishman (Englishmen),phenomenon (phenomena)注意:c)单、复数同形:sheep, deer, Chinese, Japanese, fish(同一种鱼)。如,a sheep, two sheepd)只用复数形式:thanks, trousers, goods, clothes, socks, shoes,e)形复实单:physics, poli
21、tics, maths, news, plastics(塑料),means.f)形单实复:people (人民,人们),the police, cattle等g)集合名词如:family, public, group, class等。当作为整体时,为单数;当作为整体中的各个成员时,为复数。如: My family is a big one. My family are music lovers.h)复合名词变复数时,(a)只把复合名词中的主体各词变为复数形式。如:sister(s)-in-law嫂子,弟妹;step-son (s)继子;editor (s) -in-chief总编辑。(b)如没
22、有主体名词则在最后一个词的后面加“s”。如:grown-up(s)成年人,go-between(s)中间人(c)woman, man作定语时,要与被修饰的名词的数一致。如:a man servantmen servants, a woman doctorwomen doctors二、名词的所有格:1、表有生命的东西(人或动物)的名词所有格,一般在名词后加“s”。如:Mikes bag, Childrens Day, my brothers room, womens rights注意:1)名词复数的词尾是-s或-es,它的所有格只在词后加“s”。如:Teachers Day, the worke
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