M1U1词汇.doc

人教版 必修一 第一讲

第一讲Friendship

本讲内容

内容
基本要求
高一英语
课前预习
第一讲
一、直接引语和间接引语
二、本单元重点词汇和句型

It was the first day for Xiaoming to go to school. After school, Father asked Xiaoming what he learned that day. Xiaoming said: “I learned she, you and I”. Then Father asked how the teacher explained that.
“She is your fellow student.” Xiaoming answered happily, pointing to her mother.
 “you are my pupil.”
 “I am your teacher.”
  The father became angry and said:
“she is your mother”
“ you are my son”
“I am your father.
The next day,at class, the boy went to the teacher and told the teacher his puzzle, and he said to the teacher:
“She is your mother.” Pointing to his deskmate.
“you are my son.”
“I am your father.”
知识讲解
（教师可以向学生提问What mistakes did Xiaoming made?---- 教师总结：He can’t use indirect speech properly. If you don’t learn and use indirect speech properly, you may make the same mistakes and will be laughed at.）

重点词汇
近似词辨析
1. ignore vt. 不顾,(故意)不理会;主观意愿地不予重视
His letters were ignored.
他的信无人理会。
Even the best of men ignored that simple rule.
甚至最优秀的人也忽略了那条简单的规则。
c.f. neglect vt. 忽视, 疏忽(无心地，强调粗心大意), 漏做,忘了做
He was so busy that he neglected his health.
他忙得连身体健康都无法顾及。
He was dismissed for neglecting his duty.
他因玩忽职守而被解雇。
Don't neglect to brush your teeth.
不要忘了刷牙。
overlook vt.轻视，没有意识到事物的重要性
we overlook all sorts of warning signals about our own health .
我们忽略了关于我们健康的一切警告信号。
Civilization is reflected in the subtle, the more simple minor , the more easily we overlook .
文明体现在细微之处，越是简单细微的，越容易被我们忽略。
2. join / join in / take part in / attend
join 参加，加入，成为……的一员；
He joined the Party in 1975.
他于1975年入党了。
join in参加（活动）
May I joined in your discussion?
我能参与你们的讨论吗？
take part in 参与，参加（群众性）活动，持积极态度
A lot of students took part in the thorough cleaning yesterday.
许多同学参加了昨天的大扫除活动。
attend 出席，参加，定期去（某处）；
He did not attend the meeting yesterday.
昨天他没有参加会议。
核心词汇
1. upset adj. 心烦意乱的，不安的；不适的 vt. (upset, upset)
[例句]
1). He was horribly upset over/about her illness. 他为她的病而忧心忡忡。
2). The students really upset her. 学生们着实让她烦恼。
2. concern v. 担忧; 涉及; 关系到 n. 担心，关注；（利害）关系
[例句]
1). The news concerns your brother. 这消息与你兄弟有关。
2). The boy's poor health concerned his parents. 那男孩健康状况不佳,使他的父母亲忧虑。
3). That's no concern of mine. 那不关我的事。
[重点用法]
as / so far as … be concerned 关于；至于；就……而言
be concerned about 关心
be concerned in sth. 牵涉到，与……有关，参与
[练习] 用concern的适当形式填空
1). The children are rather _____ their mother’s health.
2). Officials should ______ themselves _______ public affairs.
3. settle vt. 安家；定居；停留; 解决
vi. 使定居，安家
[例句]
1) He settled his child in a corner of the compartment.
他把孩子安顿在车厢的一个角落里。
2) The family has settled in Canada.
这家人已定居加拿大。
3) The question has been settled.
这个问题已经解决了。
安顿下来
[重点用法]
settle down/to稳定下来， 镇定下来 settle in 在…定居
Uncle George didn't settle down until he was nearly fifty.
乔治叔叔一直到快五十岁时才安顿下来。
I want to get married and settle down.
我想结婚安顿下来。
[练习] 中译英
1) 都十一点了，她安不下心来工作。
__________________________________________________________________________________________
2) 题目这么难，谁能解决？
__________________________________________________________________________________________
4. suffer vt.& vi.遭受；忍受；经历
[例句]
1). Do you suffer from headaches? 你常头痛吗?
2). She's suffering from loss of memory. 她患有遗忘症。
3). He suffered many humiliations before he became a football star.
他在成为足球名将前受过许多屈辱。
[练习] 中译英
1).我们在金融危机中损失惨重。
__________________________________________________________________________________________
2).他的脚痛得不得了。
__________________________________________________________________________________________
5. disagree vt. 不同意
[例句]
1). Even friends sometimes disagree with each other. 即便是朋友也有时意见不一。
2). We disagreed on future plans. 我们对未来的计划产生了分歧。
[重点用法]
disagree with sb/what sb says/sb's decision 不同意某人的观点[某人的话/某人的决定]
[练习] 中译英
1). 罗马的报道与米兰的不符。
__________________________________________________________________________________________
2). 他不同意让我早些回家。
__________________________________________________________________________________________
6.ignore vt.不顾,不理会;忽视
His letters were ignored.
他的信无人理会。
Even the best of men ignored that simple rule.
甚至最优秀的人也忽略了那条简单的规则。
练习：
请根据汉语提示写出单词的正确形式
Anne’s sister Margot was very _____ (心烦的)that he family had to move. However, she knew that she had got to ___(经历) all the difficulties with her family. She found it difficult to settle and ____ (平静下来)in the hiding place, because she was ____(担心的) whether they would be discovered. She suffered from loneliness, but she had to learn to like it there. What she really missed was going______(在户外)and walking the dog for her neighbor. It was such fun to watch it run_____(松开的)in the park. She wished she could tell her neighbor______(面对面地)that she was sorry not to be able to do it any longer, but she knew that was too dangerous!
重点短语或词组
1.add up加起来
[例句]
1) Add up your scores and see how many points you can get.
把你的得分加起来，看看你能得几分。
2) Tom, what do ten, twenty and five add up to?
汤姆，10，20和5加起来是多少？
[短语归纳]
add (…) to …. （把什么）加入…中
add up to … 加起来是
[练习] 用add的适当形式或构成的词组填空
1) Will you _____ some more students to this project?
2) Small numbers _____ a large one.
3) 50 _______ 50 equals 100.
2. go through 经历；经受
[例句]
1) The country has gone through too many wars. 这个国家经历了太多的战争。
2) The computer has gone through several evolutionary changes over its history.
电脑在其历史上曾历经数次巨大的变革。
[短语归纳]
go after追求，追赶 go ahead前进；请说（做）吧
go by走过，（时间）过去 go along with（与……）一起去，赞同，附和
go in for爱好，从事 go out外出；（灯，火）熄灭
go over越过；复习 go up爬上，（价格等）上升
[练习] 用go 构成的词组填空
1) It is wise not to ____ with this plan.
2) Prices ______ a little now. People are happy.
3) Anyway, don’t always_______ at night by yourself.
3.on purpose 故意，有企图，目的地
[例句]
The boy broke Jack’s window on purpose. He wanted to frighten Jack.
那男孩是故意打破杰克的窗玻璃的，他想吓一下杰克。
Everybody can see that she did it on purpose.
人人都能看出来她是故意这么做的。
4. get along with 与某人相处；(工作的) 进展
[例句]
1) He is not easy-going. It’s very hard to get along with him 他不是个随和的人，很难相处。
2) How are you getting along with your work? 工作进展如何？
[短语归纳]
get along/on well/ nicely/ badly with 与……相处得好/不好，……进展顺利/不顺利
get away离开，逃离 get down下来；写下，取下
get down to (doing)开始认真干…… get over克服，摆脱
get through通过，做完 get together聚集
[练习] 中译英
1) 你现在和同事相处得好不好?
________________________________________________________________________________
2 你现在英语学得怎么样？
________________________________________________________________________________
5. calm down使镇定;使平静
We calmed the old lady down.
我们使老太太平静下来。
Calm down, sir. What's the trouble?
冷静点,先生。出了什么事?
6. get/be/become tired of 厌倦的
She was tired of watching television.
她看电视看得厌倦了。
He got tired of doing the same work every day.
他厌烦每天做同样的工作。
He became tired of customers asking him the same question.
他厌倦了顾客们同样地问题。
7.in order to… 为了……（可置于句首或句中）
[例句]
1). She arrived early in order to get a good seat. 她到得很早, 图的是得个好座位。
2). I agreed to her suggestion in order not to upset her. 我同意她的建议是为了不让她伤心。
[短语归纳]
in order that… 以便……（后跟句子） so that…以便……（后跟句子）
so as to为了……（只能置于句中，不能置于句首）
[练习] 中译英
1． 他在大门口等着，为的是在她出来时能见她一面。
________________________________________________________________________________
2． 她拼命干以便能到6点时把一切都准备好。
________________________________________________________________________________
重点句子
1.Your friend comes to school very upset.
你的朋友来上学时心情很不好。
upset在此处是形容词，作补语，用来补充形容主语your friend 来学校时的心情。如：
He went to bed cold and hungry.他又冷又饿地上床睡了。
Long and untidy, his hair played in the breeze.他的头发又长又乱随风飘舞着。
2.I wonder if it’s because I haven’t been able to be outdoors for so long that I’ve grown so crazy about everything to do with nature.
我不知道这是不是因为我长久无法出门的缘故，我变得对一切与大自然有关的事物都无比狂热。
grow/be crazy about对……十分狂热；十分痴迷。如：
She is crazy about painting these days. She stays in her studio all day long.
她这些天沉迷于画画，成天呆在画室里。
Young girls and boys are crazy about rock music.
小女生和小男生们对摇滚乐近乎疯狂。
something/anything/everything to do with与……有关的某事、一切。不定式to do做不定式后置定语，如
Henry’s job is something to do with publishing.亨利的工作与出版相关。
nothing to do with与……无关。如：
What he is doing is nothing to do with his work.
他正在做的事情与他得工作无关。
3.But as the moon gave far too much light, I didn’t dare open a window.
但是以为月光太亮了，我不敢打开窗子。
far 经常与too或形容词的比较级连用，意为“过于；……得多。”
There is very little room in the house because it has far too much furniture.
房子里没有空间，因为家具太多了。
It was far more expensive than I expected.
它比我想象的要昂贵得多。
dare可以作实义动词，也可以作情态动词。
（1）实义动词dare后面接动词不定式to do。如：
I dare to swim across the river
I don't dare to say that.
（2）dare作情态动词时后面接动词原形（不带to的动词不定式）。如：
I daren't say that.
Dare you go with me?
How dare you say that?
If he dare break the rule , he will be punished .
注意：dare作情态动词时主要用于疑问句,否定句和条件从句中,不用于肯定句（只有一个例外—I dare say，但那是一个固定短语，意思是“我相信, 可能, 我想是这样”）。
（3）在否定句或疑问句中，现代英语口语常用实义动词的dare，但省略后面的to，直接接动词原形。如：
I don't dare say that.
Do you dare go with me?
4. The dark , rainy evening, the wind, the thundering clouds held me entirely in their power;
it was the first time inａyear and a half that I’d seen the night face to face.
漆黑的夜晚，风雨交加，电闪雷鸣，我全然被这种力量镇住了，这是我一年半以来第一次目睹夜晚。
It’s the first time that…某人第一次做某事。后面接完成时，如：
It’s the second time that John has had held an art exhibition.
这是约翰第二次举办画展了。
It was the third time that she had come to this mountain village to see the childen.
这是她第三次来到这个山村看望这些孩子。

重难点

重点语法
(一)直接引语和间接引语的特点
　　直接引语和间接引语是人们用来直接引述或间接转述别人话语的重要形式，这两种形式各有特点。
1．直接引语的特点
　　直接引语用来直接引述别人的话语，一般说来具有以下五个特点：
　　（1）被引用的话放在引号内；
　　（2）被引用的话是原话，不作任何改动；
　　（3）引用的话之前用“，”或“：”；
　　（4）引用的话结束后，需用“．”、“!”、“?”等标点符号；
（5）引出直接引语的引述动词常为say(说道)，ask(问道)，shout(喊道)，cry(喊道)，order(命令)，add(补充道)，smile(微笑道)，laugh(大笑道)等。E.g.
Laura said, “I would like to visit China this summer.”
劳拉说：“今年夏天，我想去中国游览。”
“Mary will give me a nice present,”Bobbie said.
博比说：“玛丽要给我一件精美的礼物。”
Lisa asked,“Can someone help me out?”
丽莎问：“有人能帮我吗?”
David said to me,“I have been ill since 1ast week.”
大卫对我说：“自上周以来，我一直病着。”
Justin asked his mother,“Can I watch TV for a while?”
贾斯廷问妈妈：“我能看一会儿电视吗?”
Jerry said,” There’ll be a lecture tomorrow afternoon.”
保拉说：“明天下午有一个讲座。”
The doctor asked:“What’s the matter with you?”
医生问：“你怎么了?”
The girl smiled,“I’m delighted to see you again.”
姑娘微笑道：“我很高兴再次见到你。”
2．间接引语的特点
　　间接引语用来转述别人的话语，它主要有如下几个特点：
　　（1）在引述谓语和被引用的话语之问不用逗号、冒号、引号等；
　　（2）有时态的变化；
　　（3）有人称、时间、地点等的变化；
　　（4）常用的引述动词有say(说道)，ask(问道)，shout(喊道)，cry(喊道)，order(命令)，add(补充道)，smile(微笑道)，laugh(大笑道)等。E.g.
Mill said that he would stay in China for another year.
米尔说他将在中国再呆一年。
Lily told me that she had phoned you.
莉莉告诉我她给你打过电话。
The girl asked me if I could help her.
小姑娘问我是否能帮她。
Tamara asked Tanya when they would start off.
特玛拉问塔尼亚他们什么时候出发。
(二)直接引语与间接引语的转换
　　直接引语在很多情况下可以转换成间接引语，此时应注意人称、时态、地点状语和时间状语的变化，同时还应注意不同句式的变化。
1．人称的变化
　　直接引语中的代词变为间接引语时，要根据句意情景进行变化。变化规则如下表所示：
直接引语
间接引语
第一人称
第三人称或第一人称
第二人称
第三人称或第一人称
第三人称
第三人称
e.g. I said, “I won’t lose heart.”→ I said that 1 wouldn’t lose heart.
我说我不会灰心的。(第一人称I不变)
I told Mary, “We will help you out of trouble.”→
I told Mary that we would help her out of trouble.
我告诉玛丽我们会帮助她解决麻烦的。
(第一人称we不变，第二人you变为第三人称her)
Nancy told her parents, “ Evan is a nice boy. He is always ready to help.”→
Nancy told her parents that Evan was a nice boy and that he was always ready to help.
南希告诉父母说伊文是一个不错的小伙并且他总是乐于助人。(第三人称he不变)
2．时态的变化
　　主句中谓语动词的时态如果是现在时或将来时，则间接引语中时态和原直接引语的时态一样，不作改变。
e.g. Carson says, “I will have all of you over and enjoy our free and easy time.”→
Carson says that he will have all of us over and enjoy our free and easy time.
卡森说他会让我们都过来自由、轻松地好好玩一玩。
（1）时态变化的情况
如果主句为过去的某种时态，则间接引语的时态应相应向前推一个时态，如下表所示：
直接引语
间接引语
直接引语
间接引语
一般现在时
一般过去时
一般将来时
过去将来时
一般过去时
过去完成时
现在完成时
过去完成时
现在进行时
过去进行时
过去完成时
e.g. Tina said, “I usually get up at six.”→
Tim said she usually got up at six.
蒂娜说她通常六点起床。(一般现在时变为一般过去时)
Martin told me,“I rang Alice yesterday.”→
Martin told me that he had rung Alice the day before.
马丁告诉我说他昨天已经给艾丽斯打电话了。(一般过去时变为过去完成时)
Nina told me, “ Lisa is studying abroad.”
Nina told me that Lisa was studying abroad.
尼娜告诉我丽莎正在国外学习。(现在进行时变为过去进行时)
Hayley said to me,“I will see you at the same place tomorrow.”→
Hayley said to me that she would see me at the same place the next day.
海莉对我讲她第二天要在同一地点见我。(一般将来时变为过去将来时)
Nell said,“I have worked out this problem.”→
Nell said that she had worked out that problem.
内尔说她已经做出了那道题目。(现在完成时改为过去完成时)
Bob told me,“I had worked here for years before I moved out.”→
Bob told me that he had worked there for years before he moved out.
鲍勃告诉我说他在那儿工作了多年才搬走。(过去完成时不变)
（2）时态不需要变化的几种情况
一般说来当直接引语转为间接引语，被转述的话依然有效或在当时、当地转述时，常常不改变时态。具体有以下几种情况。
①直接引语有确定的过去时间时。
e.g.Chloe said,“The story took place in the 1930s.”→
Chloe said that the story took place in the 1930s.
克劳说这个故事发生在二十世纪三十年代。
②只着眼于转述事实，而不侧重动作先于转述动作的时间时。
e.g.The boy said,“I found the dog just at the edge of the wood.”→
The boy said that he found the dog just at the edge of the wood.
男孩说他在森林边上发现了那条狗。
③所转述的动作或状态说话时仍在继续，并对此点加以强调时。
e.g.The reporter said,“The war is now still on.”→
The reporter said that the war is now still on.
记者说战争依然在继续。
Charlie told me,“I am just helping my dad on the farm right now.”→
Charlie told me that he is just helping his dad on the farm right now.
查理告诉我说他现在正在农场帮他父亲干活。
④所转述的是自然现象、科学真理、名言警句等，并对此加以强调时。
e.g.Our English teacher said,“All work no play makes Jack a dull boy.”→
Our English teacher told US that all work no play makes Jack a dull boy.
我们的英语老师告诉我们只顾学习不休息，聪明的孩子也变傻。
课堂检测

一、单项选择
1. — Can you believe I had to pay 30 dollars for a haircut?
— You should try the barber’s ______ I go. It’s only 15.
A. as B. which C. where D. that
2. After graduating from college，I took some time off to go travelling，______ turned out to be a wise decision.w_w*w.k_s*5_u.c_o m
A. that B. which C. when D. where
3. The old temple _______ roof was damaged in storm is now under repair.
A. where B. which C. its D. whose
4. That’s the new machine ______ parts are too small to be seen.
A. that B. which C. whose D. what
5. In time we reached a stage_________we had more young readers than old ones.
A. where B. how C. who D. what
6. Show cheerfulness even when you don’t feel it, ______________?
A. will you B. do you C. may you D. can’t you
7. Don’t forget to turn off the light when you leave the room, ______________?
A. will you B. can you C. do you D. are you OK
8. Jane and John still remember that it was ______________, their parents, who encouraged them to continue their education.
A. those B. they C. who D. what
9. —_________he managed to get the information?
—Oh, a friend of his helped him.
A. Where was it that             B. What was it that
C. How was it that                 D. Why was it that
10. Is _________ 48 hours_________ the man-made satellite_________ is made in our country to orbit around the planet?
A. it; that; where B. it; when; what C. it for; that it takes; that D. it; that it take