英语句子的成分及简单句的五种基本句式.doc

英语句子的成分及简单句的五种基本句式

简单句的五个基本句型
主语 ＋ 谓语（不及物动词）       She came．/ My head aches.  
主语 ＋ 谓语（及物动词） ＋宾语      She likes English.
主语 ＋ 系动词   ＋ 表语      She is happy．
主语 ＋ 谓语（双宾动词） ＋间接宾语 ＋直接宾语  
She gave John a book．
She bought a book for me.
主语 ＋谓语（宾补动词）  ＋  宾语  ＋  宾语补语
She makes her mother angry．
The teacher asked me to read the passage
（ There +be     There lies a book on the desk.  ）

组成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。它包括：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语和宾语补足语等。各成分在句中的作用如何？分别由哪些词及短语充当？
1.主语：是句子要说明的人或事物，是句子的主体，一般由名词、代词、数词、不定式或动名词等充当。如：
¡ The car is running fast. / The girl can sing many English songs.(名词)
¡ We are students. / This is my pen . Yours is on the desk.(代词)
¡ One of my classmates is from Shanghai. / Two and three is five.(数词)
¡ The blind need more help.(名词化的形容词)
¡ It's bad manners to spit in public. (不定式)
¡ Eating too much is bad for your health.(动名词)
¡ 【注意】若不定式短语作主语常用it作形式主语，而把真正的主语(不定式短语)放在句后。
.2.谓语：说明主语的动作或状态，也是句子的主体部分，一般由动词充当。动词分为实义动词、连系动词、情态动词和助动词。实义动词单独作谓语，连系动词与表语一起构成谓语，情态动词与省略to的不定式构成合成谓语，助动词与动词原形共同构成谓语部分。如：
¡ 由单一动词作谓语：We are Chinese. / He has an English- Chinese dictionary.
¡ 情态动词加主要动词：We can play the piano. / You must see the doctor.
¡ 助动词加主要动词构成谓语：She is talking with her sister. / I have seen this man before.
【注意】谓语与主语在人称与数方面要相互照应。
3.表语：用于说明主语的身份、特征或感受，一般由名词、数词、形容词、分词等充当。常用的连系动词有：be，look，get，sound(听起来)，feel，become， smell，turn，taste(尝起来)等。如：
¡ They are workers.(名词)
¡ Two and three is five.(数词)
¡ The story is very interesting.(形容词)
¡ M y job(工作)is teaching English.(动名词)
¡ She is at home.(介词短语)
¡ I feel terrible.(形容词)
¡ The dish tastes delicious.(形容词)
¡ He is here (副词)
¡ It’s getting dark. / He got very angry. / The hill has turned green. (形容词)
4, 宾语：是及物动词所涉及的对象，是动作的对象或承受者。一般由名词、代词、不定式及动名词等充当。如：
¡ He is doing his homework. / I saw a plane in the sky just now. (名词)
¡ They did nothing this morning. / I met him on my way home.(代词)
¡ I want three./ Please pass me the first. (数词)
¡ She wants to go home.(不定式)
¡ We enjoy playing football.(动名词)
¡ 【注意】①有的动词可接双宾语，间接宾语指人，直接宾语指物。这类动词常见的有：give，buy，lend，pass， tell，leave等。如：
¡ He bought me a book.
¡ Pass me the ball，will you？(间宾＋直宾)
¡ 直接宾语一般放在间接宾语之后，但若把直接宾语放在前面，则要在间接宾语前加适当的介词如to或 for等。如：
¡ Han Chen lent some money to Li Hai.(直宾＋间宾)
¡ Xiao Liu bought a dictionary for Tom.(直宾＋间宾)
¡ ②有的动词常用不定式作宾语，而不能用动名词。这类动词有：want，wish， hope，promise，decide，agree， choose，care等。如：
¡ I hope to see you again.
¡ ③有的动词一般只用动名词作宾语，而不用不定式。这类动词有：enjoy，finish，mind，practise，miss， suggest，keep(on)等。如：
¡ Do you mind my opening the window？
¡ ④有的动词后接不定式与动名词含义不同。
¡ a)forget to do表示“未发生的动作”，forget doing表示“已完成的动作”。如：
¡ Don't forget to come here earlier tomorrow.(还没来)
¡ I forgot returning the book to him.(书已还给他了)
¡ b)stop to do(不定式为状语)表示“停下
¡ 原来的事，去做另一件事”，stop doing表示“停止做某事”。如：
¡ I stopped to talk with him.(我停下来与他谈话。)
¡ The students stopped talking when the teacher came in.(老师进来时学生们停止谈话。
¡ 注意：英语中带有宾语的谓语动词叫及物动词，不带宾语的叫不及物动词。及物动词后必须跟上宾语意义才完整，不及物动词本身意义已完整，后面不跟宾语。
¡ You may use my pen. / Do you like fish? ( 及物)
¡ Dick swims very well. / The sun rises in the east. (不及物)
¡ 不及物动词可加介词再加宾语
¡ We are listening to the music.
¡ They are talking to each other.
既可以作及物动词又可以作不及物动词的词：
¡ We are growing tomatoes. / Tomatoes grow well in our garden.
¡ They left Shanghai yesterday. / They left yesterday.
¡ My mother teaches in this school. / She teaches English.
¡ We are studying. / We study English.
¡ We began our lesson at nine. / The lecture began at nine.
5. 直接宾语与间接宾语。
¡ 有些及物动词可带有两个宾语，其中一个指物（直接宾语），另一个指人（间接宾语）。我们称为双宾语。
¡ 动词+间接宾语（人）+直接宾语（物）
He lent me a book. / He bought me a pen. / I have taught myself English for ten years.
¡ 动词+直接宾语（物）+（to,for）+间接宾语（人）
He gave his son some advice. = He gave some advice to his son.
Father bought me a computer. = Father bought a computer for me.

6. 定语：用于修饰名词或代词，一般由形容词、名词、数词、不定式等充当。如：
¡ What a beautiful kite it is！/ They have a clever son.(形容词)
¡ She is a chemistry teacher. / It is a colour film.(名词)
¡ There are two students in the classroom.(数词)
¡ This song is better than that one. (代词)
¡ Do you know the young man over there? (副词)
¡ We have something to do tomorrow.(不定式)
¡ The man in blue is my brother.(介词短语)
¡ 【注意】定语一般位于被修饰词之前，但若修饰不定代词或不定式等短语作定语，则放在后面。
7. 状语：用于修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，一般由副词、介词短语、不定式短语或从句充当。单个副词作状语一般放在被修饰词之前，短语或从句放在句首或句末。如：
¡ Thank you very much.(副词表示程度)
¡ The old man is walking slowly. (副词表示方式)
¡ He usually gets up at six.(副词表示时间)
¡ We all work here. (副词表示地点)
¡ I get up at five in the morning.(介词短语表示时间)
¡ He is studying hard so as to catch up with others.(不定式短语)
¡ We were having breakfast when the telephone rang.(从句)
¡ 【注意】enough作状语只能放在被修饰词之后。如：
¡ He is old enough to go to school.
8. 宾语补足语：用于补充说明宾语的动作，一般位于宾语之后，宾语与宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。需接复合宾语的动词有：tell，let，help，teach， ask，see，have，order，make等。“宾补”一般由不定式短语、分词、名词、形容词等充当。如：
¡ We elected him monitor. / (名词)
¡ I found it difficult to learn English well. / The sun keeps us warm./ We find the story very interestingh. (形容词)
¡ I found her in the room.(介词短语)
¡ Please let him in. / I saw him out with XiaoLi. (副词)
¡ The doctor told me to do more exercise.(不定式短语)
¡ He is going to have his hair cut.(过去分词)
¡ They saw a bird flying in the sky.(现在分词)

句子成分练习题( 一 )
(一). 指出下列句中主语的中心词
① The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom.
② There is an old man coming here.
③ The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year.
④ To do today's homework without the teacher's help is very difficult.
(二) 选出句中谓语的中心词
① I don't like the picture on the wall.
A. don't B. like C. picture D. wall
② The days get longer and longer when summer comes.
A. get B. longer C. days D. summer
③ Do you usually go to school by bus?
A. Do B. usually C.go D. bus
④ There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon.
A. will be B. meeting C. the library D. afternoon
⑤ Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast?
A.Did B. twins C. have D. breakfast
⑥ Tom didn't do his homework yesterday.
A. Tom B. didn't C. do D. his homework
⑦ What I want to tell you is this.
A. want B. to tell C. you D. is
⑧ We had better send for a doctor.
A. We B. had C. send D. doctor
⑨ He is interested in music.
A. is B. interested C. in D. music
⑩ Whom did you give my book to?
A. give B.did C. whom D. book

(三) 挑出下列句中的宾语
① My brother hasn't done his homework.
② People all over the world speak English.
③ You must pay good attention to your pronunciation.
④ How many new words did you learn last class?
⑤ Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you?
⑥ The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill.
⑦ They made him monitor of the class.
⑧ Go across the bridge and you will find the museum on the left.
⑨ You will find it useful after you leave school.
⑩ They didn't know who "Father Christmas" really is.
(四) 挑出下列句中的表语
① The old man was feeling very tired.
② Why is he worried about Jim?
③ The leaves have turned yellow.
④ Soon They all became interested in the subject.
⑤ She was the first to learn about it.
(五) 挑出下列句中的定语
① They use Mr, Mrs with the family name.
② What is your given name?
③ On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3.
④ I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.
⑤ The man downstairs was trying to sleep.
⑥ I am aiting for the sound of the other shoe!
(六) 挑出下列句中的宾语补足语
① She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room.
② He asked her to take the boy out of school.
③ She found it difficult to do the work.
④ They call me Lily sometimes.
⑤ I saw Mr Wang get on the bus.
⑥ Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now?
(七) 挑出下列句中的状语
① There was a big smile on her face.
② Every night he heard the noise upstairs.
③ He began to learn English when he was eleven.
④ The man on the motorbike was travelling too fast.
⑤ With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off.
⑥ She loves the library because she loves books.
⑦ I am afraid that if you've lost it, you must pay for it.
⑧ The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine.
(八) 划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语
① Please tell us a story.
② My father bought a new bike for me last week.
③ Mr Li is going to teach us history next term.
④ Here is a pen. Give it to Tom.
⑤ Did he leave any message for me?

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