直接引语和间接引语用法讲解.doc

直接引语和间接引语用法讲解
一、概述
引用或转述别人说的话时有两种方法：
直接引述别人的原话，这叫做直接引语(direct speech)。
用自己的话转述别人的话，叫间接引语(indirect speech)。
Mr. Black said, “I'm busy.”
Mr. Black said that he was busy.
二、 直接引语
陈述句
直接引语如果是陈述句，变为间接引语时，用连词that引导（that在口语中常省去），that从句之前用say、tell等动词，从句中的人称、时态、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语等要作相应的变化。
1、   人称的变化
He said , “I like it very much.”
→He said that he liked it very much. (I改为he, it不变)
He said, “You told me this story.” 
→He said that I had told him that story.(You改为I, me改为him, told改为had told)
He said to me, “She’s left her book in your room”.
→He told me that she had left her book in my room. （She’s→she had， her不变，your→my）
直接引语改为间接引语人称要相应的变化，把直接引语中的第一人称(如：I，me，my，mine，we，us，our，ours)变为与主句的主语相一致的人称。把直接引语中的第二人称(you，your，yours)变为和主句的间接宾语(即听话人，如无听话人，可根据上下文的体会人为确定一个人称)相一致的人称。直接引语中的第三人称(he，him，his，she，her，hers,it，its,they,their，theirs，them)变为间接引语时，人称不变。
2、   时态的变化
（1）主句的谓语动词是一般时和过去时
直接引语
间接引语
一般现在时
一般过去时
现在进行时
过去进行时
现在完成时
过去完成时
一般过去时
过去完成时
过去完成时
过去完成时(不变)
一般将来时
过去将来时
一般将来进行时
过去将来进行时
一般将来完成时
过去将来完成时

He said, “I usually watch TV on Sunday.”
→He said that he usually watched TV on Sunday.
He said, “I'm using the knife.”
→He said that he was using the knife.
She said, “I have not heard from him since May.”
→She said that she had not heard from him since May.
He said，“I came to help you.”
→He said that he had come to help me.
He said, “I had finished my homework before supper.”
→He said that he had finished his homework before supper.
Zhou Lan said, “I'll do it after class.”
→Zhou Lan said that she would do it after class.
He said,“I shall be doing my homework then.”
→He said that he should be doing his homework then.
He said, “We shall have finished the work by that time.”
→He said that they should have finished the work by that time.
注意：直接引语如果是客观真理、名人名言、与一个具体的过去时间连用说明客观事实时，变为间接引语时，时态不变。
The teacher said, “The earth is round. ”
→The teacher said that the earth is  round.
He said, “I was born in Shangdong in 1965.”
→He said that he was born in Shangdong in 1965.
（2）主句的谓语动词是现在时或将来时
如果主句的谓语动词是现在时或将来时，直接引语变为间接引语时，时态一律不变
He says, “I finished the work.
He says that he finished the work.
He will say, “I have watered the flowers.”
He will say he has watered the flowers.
3、指示代词、时间状语和地点状语的相应变化
 见下表：

He said, “I met Mr. Smith this morning.”
→He said that he had met Mr. Smith that morning.
He said, “We went to the cinema yesterday.”
→He said they had gone to the cinema the day before.
Lily said, “I will come back next month.”
→Lily said that she would go back the next month.
He said, “It is nine o'clock now.”
→He said that it was nine o'clock then.
He said, “I haven't seen her today.”
→He said that he hadn't seen her that day .
She said, “I went there yesterday.”
→She said that she had gone there the day before.
She said, “I'll go there tomorrow.”
→She said that she would go there the next day.
巧记:去掉引号加that，人称变化要灵活，时态向后退一步，状语变化按规定。
三、直接引语是疑问句时
直接引语如为疑问句，改为间接引语时，须将疑问句的语序改为陈述句的语序。其人称、时态等相应的变化同上。
巧记：if(或whether)替引号，陈述语序要记牢。时态、人称和状语要变化，千万别把它忘掉。
1、直接引语是一般问句
变为间接引语时，须用连接词whether或if将其引出，使其成为间接引语的宾语从句。如果主句中的谓语动词为said，则将其改为asked。如果谓语动词后没有间接宾语，可以加上一个间接宾语me, him, her, them, us等。
She said, “Is your father an engineer?”
→She asked me whether my father was an engineer.
The teacher said to Li Ming, “Have you finished your homework?”
→The teacher asked Li Ming whether he had finished his homework.
2、直接引语是特殊问句
如果直接引语为特殊疑问句, 改为间接引语时，仍用特殊疑问句中的疑问词what, where, when, who, how many作为连接词将其引出，构成间接引语中的宾语从句，但须将疑问式的动词改为陈述式。如果主句中的谓语动词为said，则将其改为asked。
“What do you do every Sunday morning?”my friend said to me.
→My friend asked me what I did every Sunday morning.
“Where have you been, Li Ming?”the teacher asked.
→The teacher asked Li Ming where he had been.
I asked her, “How many English books will you read next term?” →I asked her how many English books she would read the next term.
“When did you get up this morning?”asked my father.
→My father asked me when I had got up that morning.
注意： 直接引语里是：What's wrong with……?/What's the matter? /What's the trouble?/What has happened?/等特殊疑问句时,间接引语的语序不变。
He said to her“What’s the matter with you?”他问她“你怎么了？”
He asked her what was the matter with her. 他问她怎么了。
四、直接引语是祈使句
巧记：去掉引号要加to；ask，order须记住，直引若是否定式，not加在to前部。
He said,“Sit down, please.”
→He asked me to sit down.
The teacher said, “Don’t talk in class! ”
→The teacher told us not to talk in class!
The captain  said to his men,“Fire! ”
→The captain ordered his men to fire.
五、点击考点
I.改错：
1.He said that he is going to London.
2.Tom said they had finished the job yesterday.
3.She asked me don’t smoke in the room.
4.They asked that he was there.
5.I asked you where was he going.
6.The teacher told us not talk any more.
7.The doctor said to his wife, Not wait for me.
8.He asked me who I am.
9.Mary said that she would see you tomorrow.
10.Mother asked what the matter was.
II.将下列句子改为间接引语
1. “Where will you go tomorrow?”, Mother asked me.
2.The old woman said to me, “Please lock the door for me.”
3.The boy told his teacher, “We went to an exhibition yesterday.”
4.He said, “I'll go to the station to see off a friend of mine this afternoon.”
5. “Hello,how are you?”, he said to me.
6.Tom said to me angrily, “Why don’t you tell me you have been here for two weeks?”
7.John said to Mary,“Do you remember I borrowed a diamond necklace from you?”
8.The teacher said to Li Ming,“Don’t make the same mistake again.”
9. “Are you leaving today or tomorrow?”, I asked her.
10.The nurse said to the children, “The sun rises in the east.”
参考答案:
I. 1.is→was 2.yesterday→the day before 3.don’t→not to    4.that→if
   5.was he→he was 6.not 后面加to 7.Not→Don't  8.am→was
   9.tomorrow→the next day 10.was the matter
II. 1.Mother asked me where I would go the next day.
2.The old woman asked me to lock the door for her.
3.The boy told his teacher that they had gone to an exhibition the day before.
4.He said that he would go to the station to see off a friend of his that afternoon.
5.He asked me how I was.
6.Tom asked me angrily why I didn't tell him I had been there for two weeks.
7.John asked Mary if she remembered he had borrowed a diamond necklace from her.
8.The teacher told Li Ming not to make the same mistake again.
9.I asked her whether she was leaving that day or the next day.
10.The nurse told the children that the sun rises in the east.