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新视野大学英语第三版第四册第一单元Section-B.ppt
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1、Section B 41UNITWhydosmartpeopledodumbthings?TomasterthereadingskillTounderstandthetextTopracticethephrasesandpatternsTolearnaboutwritingasurveyreportObjectivesObjectivesLife and logic Warming-upReadingSkillsTextStudyComparativeStudyContentsUnitProjectBWhy do smart people do dumb things?SectionBSect
2、ionWarming-upLead-inLead-inBackground InformationBackground InformationWhy do smart people do dumb things?VideoVideoWatchingWatching1.WhatarethetwoexamplesofSunkCostsFallacymentionedinthevideo?TipsTipsTipsTipsTipsTipsTipsTips2.Accordingtothespeaker,whatareSunkCostsandwhatisthemeaningofSunkCostsFalla
3、cy?BackBackTipsTipsTipsTips1.WhatarethetwoexamplesofSunkCostsFallacymentionedinthevideo?Exampleone:gotoastore/closed/10blocks/wastedExampletwo:career/notfulfilling/stickwithit/dontwantpasttenyears/effects,timeandmoney/wastedSunkCosts:Time,money,effectsorwhateveryouvespend.2.Accordingtothespeaker,wha
4、taretheSunkCostsandwhatisthemeaningofSunkCostsFallacy?TipsTipsTipsTipsSunkCostsFallacy:makechoice/notbaseon/best/desire/not/pastinvestment/wasted.1.WhatisCognitiveBias?2.WhatisFundamentalAttributionError?3.WhatisConfirmationBias?TipsTipsTipsTipsTipsTipsTipsTipsTipsTipsTipsTips1.WhatisCognitiveBias?T
5、ipsTipsTipsTipsA cognitive bias is a pattern of deviation injudgmentthatoccursinparticularsituations,leadingtoperceptual distortion,inaccurate judgment,illogicalinterpretation,or what is broadly called irrationality.Manycognitivebiases(认知偏差)areoftenstudiedforhowtheyaffectbusinessandeconomicdecisions
6、andhowtheyaffectscientificandexperimentalresearches.2.WhatisFundamentalAttributionError?TipsTipsTipsTipsAFundamentalAttributionError(基本归因错误)isacognitivebiasinsocialpsychology.Itreferstothetendencytojudgeapersoninanunpleasantsituationin a bad light and attribute his behavior to internalcausesandquali
7、tiesratherthanconsiderthesituationorcircumstancesthatmayhavecausedthepersontobehaveinthatmanner.But,ifweourselvesmadethesameerrors,wewouldeasilyattributethecausestoexternalfactors.3.WhatisConfirmationBias?TipsTipsTipsTipsAConfirmationBias(确定性偏差)isacognitivebias whereby one tends to notice and look f
8、orinformation that confirms ones existing beliefs,whilst ignoring anything that contradicts thosebeliefs.It is a type of selective thinking.Forexample:After having bought a piece of clothing,you will look for the same clothing in a moreexpensivestoretoconfirmthatyouhaveboughtabargain.BSectionReading
9、SkillsPresentation of the SkillPresentation of the SkillReading Skill PracticeReading Skill PracticeWhy do smart people do dumb things?Skimming Skimming isis aa methodmethod ofof rapidlyrapidly movingmovingthethe eyeseyes overover aa texttext withwith thethe purposepurpose ofofgettinggettingthethema
10、inmainideaideaororaageneralgeneraloverviewoverviewofof itsits content.content.ForFor example,example,manymany peoplepeopleskimskimreadreadaanewspapernewspaperarticlearticlejustjusttotogetgetaaquickquickoverview,overview,ororaatexttexttotoseeseewhetherwhetheritsitsworthworth readingreading inin detai
11、l.detail.TheThe keykey wordword forforskimmingis“general”.skimmingis“general”.SkimmingSome steps to help you to skim an article1Readthetitleitistheshortestpossiblesummaryofthecontentofthearticle.2Readtheintroductionorlead-inparagraph(s).3Readanysub-headings,andidentifytherelationshipsbetweenthem.4Re
12、adthefirstsentenceofeachremainingparagraph;themainideaofmostparagraphsappearsinthefirstsentence.SkimmingTobecontinued5Alternatelyreadand“float”overthebodyofthearticle,lookingforthefollowing:Cluesaboutwho,what,when,where,howmany,howmuchConnectivewordsandphrasessuchasfurthermore,also,howeverandontheco
13、ntrary6Readtheconcludingparagraph(s)completely.SkimmingSome steps to help you to skim an articleSkim Text B to find answers to thefollowingquestions.1Whatisthistextmainlyabout?2Whatcommoncognitivebiasescancausesmartpeopletomakebaddecisions?3Howcanweavoidbeingaffectedbyvarioustypesofcognitivebiaseswh
14、enmakingadecision?Practice SkimmingBSectionTextStudyText ComprehensionText ComprehensionLanguage FocusLanguage FocusCritical ThinkingCritical ThinkingWhy do smart people do dumb things?1.WhatisthetraditionalviewaboutsmartpeopleaccordingtoParagraph1?(Para.1)2.Whatisthemosttypicalcharacteristicofthefu
15、ndamentalattributionerror?(Para.3)3.Whatwillyoubeaffectedifyouareonlyinterestedinevidence that is in agreement with your own belief?(Para.5)4.Whendoestheoverconfidencebiasusuallyoccur?(Para.7)5.Whydoestheavailabilitybiasleadstostrangeandinaccurateconclusions?(Para.8)6.Whydontpeoplewanttoleaveabadinv
16、estmentsituationandcommitthesunkcostfallacy?(Para.11)7.Whatisthepurposeofthistext?1.What is the traditional view about smartpeopleaccordingtoParagraph1?00TipsTipsTipsTipsSmartpeople,byvirtueofwhattheyvelearned,willformulatebetterdecisions.原句:原句:Orthodox views prize intelligence and intellectualrigor
17、 highly in the modern realm of universitiesand tech industry jobs.(Para.1,L1)解释解释:Intelligenceandtheabilitytothinklogicallyhavelong been regarded as important qualities inmodern universities and in jobs related to thetechnologyindustry.译文:译文:传统观念将智力和思维的缜密性看作现代大学领域和科技产业工作的重要素质。TipsTipsTipsTips2.Whati
18、sthemosttypicalcharacteristicofthefundamentalattributionerror?(Para.3)Oneofthemostcommonbiasesiswhatisknownasthe fundamental attribution error.Through this peopleattributethe_ to_ andtheir own to _,subconsciouslyconsideringtheirowncharacterstobe_.failuresofotherscharacterflawsmerecircumstancestainle
19、ss3.Whatwillyoubeaffectedifyouareonlyinterestedinevidencethatisinagreementwithyourownbelief?(Para.5)TipsTipsTipsTipsAThefundamentalattributionerror.BTheconfirmationbias.CTheoverconfidencebias.DTheavailabilitybias.Choose the best answer to the question.原句原句:Outwitting confirmation bias therefore requ
20、iresexploring both sides of an argument with equaldiligence.(Para.6,L5)解释解释:Therefore,tobeabletouseyourintelligencetoovercometheconfirmationbiasrequiresyouto analyze both sides of an argument withequalefforts.译文:译文:所以,要克服“确定性偏差”,就要以同样的努 力认真探究论点的正反两面。4.When does the overconfidence bias usuallyoccur?(
21、Para.7)TipsTipsTipsTipsOverconfidence bias most frequently comesintoplayinareaswheresomeonehas_estimatinghowmanypeopleareinacrowdedplaza,forexample,orhowlikelyitwillrain.nodirectevidenceandmustmakeaguessBecauseitcausespeople to use evidencethat is not so convincingandstrong.5.Whydoestheavailabilityb
22、iasleadstostrangeandinaccurateconclusions?(Para.8)TipsTipsTipsTips6.Whydontpeoplewanttoleaveabadinvestmentsituationandcommitthesunkcostfallacy?(Para.11)TipsTipsTipsTipsABecausetheydontwanttoadmitthattheyhavemadeapoordecision.BBecausetheywilllosemoremoneyiftheydecidenottocontinueit.CBecausetheywillha
23、vegreaterchancestowiniftheyarepatient.DBecausetheydontwanttheirpreviousinvestmentstobewasted.Choose the best answer to the question.原句原句:Gamblers with a high threshold for risk put money into a slot machine hoping for a big return,but with each pull of the lever they lose some money playing the odds
24、.(Para.11,L2)解释解释:Gamblerswhoengagethemselvesintohighlyriskysituationsputmoneyintoaslotmachine,expectingtogetbigamountsofmoneyback.Buteachtimetheypulltheleveronthemachine,theylosesomemoneytryingtheirluck.译文:译文:赌徒们冒着高风险,把钱投入老虎机,期望能够得 到很大的回报,但随着一次次拉动拉杆,他们也一 次次把钱赌输了。译文:译文:当涉及重要决策时,最好是依靠严密的逻辑并仔细审查证据;同时,
25、要保持警惕,那些看上去良好的直觉总是很容易导致判断失误。原句原句:When a decision matters,it is best to rely on watertight logic and a careful examination of the evidence and to remain aware that what seems like good intuition is always subject to errors of judgment.(Para.14,L1)解释解释:Whenyoumakeanimportantdecision,itisalwaysbesttore
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