英美文学.pptx
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1、American Literature030533/4/5,26th Sep.2006Lecture ThreeThe American Romanticism(I)I.What is RomanticismvSimply speaking,Romanticism is a literary movement flourished as a cultural force throughout the 19th C and it can be divided into the early period and the late period.Also it remains powerful in
2、 contemporary literature and art.vRomanticism,a term that is associated with imagination and boundlessness,as contrasted with classicism,which is commonly associated with reason and restriction.A romantic attitude may be detected in literature of any period,but as an historical movement it arose in
3、the 18th and 19th centuries,in reaction to more rational literary,philosophic,artistic,religious,and economic standards.The most clearly defined romantic literary movement in the U.S.was Transcendentalism.vThe representatives of the early period includes Washington Irving and James Fenimore Cooper,a
4、nd those of the late period contain Ralph Waldo Emerson,Henry David Thoreau,Walt Whitman,Nathaniel Hawthorne,Herman Melville,Edgar Allan Poe.vInternal causes:1)American burgeoned into a political,economic and cultural independence.Democracy and political equality became the ideals of the new nation.
5、Radical changes came about in the political life of the country.Parties began to squabble and scramble for power,and new system was in the making.2)The spread of industrialism,the sudden influx of immigration,and the pioneers pushing the frontier further west,all these produced something of an econo
6、mic boon and,with it,a tremendous sense of optimism and hope among the people.vThe representatives of the early period includes Washington Irving and James Fenimore Cooper,and those of the late period contain Ralph Waldo Emerson,Henry David Thoreau,Walt Whitman,Nathaniel Hawthorne,Herman Melville,Ed
7、gar Allan Poe.II.The reasons on the rise of American Romanticism 3)Ever-increasing magazines played an important role in facilitating literary expansion in the country.vExternal causes:1)Foreign influences added incentive to the growth of romanticism in America.2)The influence of Sir Walter Scott wa
8、s particularly powerful and enduring.III.Characteristics of American Romanticism(b)1)Sentimentalism,primitivism and the cult of the noble savage2)Political liberalism3)The celebration of natural beauty and the simple life4)Introspection5)The idealization of the common man,uncorrupted by civilization
9、6)Interest in the picturesque past and remote places7)Antiquarianism8)Individualism9)Morbid melancholy10)Historical romanceIV.The Representatives of the early American romanticismA.Washington Irving(1783-1859)1)Washington Irving was born in New York City on April 3,1783 as the youngest of 11 childre
10、n.His parents,Scottish-English immigrants,were great admirers of General George Washington,and named their son after their hero.2)Early in his life Irving developed a passion for books.He studied law privately but practiced only briefly.From 1804 to 1806 he travelled widely in Europe.After returning
11、 to the United States,Irving was admitted to the New York bar in 1806.3)He was a partner with his brothers in the family hardware business and representative of the business in England until it collapsed in 1818.During the war of 1812 Irving was a military aide to New York Governor Tompkins in the U
12、.S.Army.4)Irvings career as a writer started in journals and newspapers.His success in social life and literature was shadowed by a personal tragedy because his engaged love died at the age of seventeen.So he never married or had children.1.About the Author5)After the death of his mother,Irving deci
13、ded to stay in Europe,where he remained for seventeen years from 1815 to 1832.6)In 1832 Irving returned to New York to an enthusiastic welcome as the first American author to have achieved international fame.Between the years 1842-45 Irving was the U.S.Ambassador to Spain.7)Irving spent the last yea
14、rs of his life in Tarrytown.From 1848 to 1859 he was President of Astor Library,later New York Public Library.Irvings later publications include MahometAndHisSuccessors(1850),WolfertsRoost(1855),and his five-volume TheLifeofGeorgeWashington(1855-59).Irving died in Tarrytown on November 28,1859.1)His
15、 earliest work was a sparkling,satirical History of New York(1809)under the Dutch,ostensibly written by Diedrich Knickbocker(hence the name of Irvings friends and New York writers of the day,the“Knickbocker School”.)2)The Sketch Book(1819-20 as Geoffrey Crayon)-contains Rip Van Winkle and The Legend
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