Introduction-to-Modeling.pptx

,2014-09-21,#,Chapter 1,Introduction to Modeling,Introduction to Management Science(11,th.,Edition),Bernard W.Taylor III,Management science is a scientific approach to solving management problems.,管理学是一门科学的方法来解决管理上的问题。,It is used in a variety of organizations to solve many different types of problems.,这是用在各种组织，解决了许多不同类型的问题。,It encompasses a logical mathematical approach to problem solving.,它涵盖了数理逻辑的方法来解决问题。,Management science,also known as,operations research,quantitative methods,etc.,involves a philosophy of problem solving in a logical manner.,管理科学，也被称为运筹学，定量方法等，涉及到逻辑方式的哲学问题的解决。,-,2,-,The Management Science Approach,Figure 1.1,The management,science process,-,3,-,The Management Science Approach to Problem Solving,Observation,I,dentification,of,a problem that exists(or may occur soon)in a system or organization.,Definition of the Problem,-Problem must be clearly and consistently defined,showing its boundaries and interactions with the objectives of the organization.,Model Construction,-,Development of the functional mathematical relationships that describe the decision variables,objective function and constraints of the problem.,Model Solution,-Models solved using management science techniques.,Model Implementation,-Actual use of the model or its solution.,-,4,-,Steps in the Management Science Process,Information and Data:,Bus,iness firm makes and sells a steel product,Product costs$5 to produce,Product sells for$20,Product requires 4 pounds of steel to make,Firm has 100 pounds of steel,Business Problem:,Determine the number of units to produce to make the most profit,given the limited amount of steel available.,-,5,-,Example of Model Construction(1 of 3),Variables,(,),:,x,=#units to produce(decision variable),Z=total profit(in$),Model,(,),:,Z=$20 x-$5,x,(objective function),4,x,=100 lb of steel(resource constraint),Parameters,(,),:,$20,$5,4 lbs,100 lbs(known values),Formal Specification of Model:,objective function,(,),maximize Z=$20,x,-$5,x,constraints,(,),subject to 4,x,=100,-,6,-,Example of Model Construction(2 of 3),Model Solution,Solve the constraint equation:,4,x,=100,(4,x,)/4=(100)/4,x,=25 units,Substitute this value into the profit function:,Z =$20,x,-$5,x,=(20)(25)(5)(25),=$375,(Produce 25 units,to yield a profit of$375),-,7,-,Example of Model Construction(3 of 3),Figure 1.6,Cl,assification of management science techniques,-,8,-,Classification of Management Science Techniques,Linear Mathematical Programming,(,),Clear objective;Restrictions on resources and requirements;Parameters known with certainty.(Ch.2-6,9),Deterministic techniques,Probabilistic Techniques,(,),Results contain uncertainty.(Ch.11-13),Network Techniques,(,),Model often formulated as diagram;deterministic or probabilistic.(Ch.7-8),Other Techniques,Variety of deterministic and probabilistic methods for specific types of problems including,forecasting,inventory,simulation,multicriteria,AHP(analytic hierarchy process),etc.(Ch.9,14-16),-,9,-,Characteristics of Modeling Techniques,Some application sectors:,Business and Industry,Government,Healthcare,Service organizations,Some application areas:,Project Planning,Capital Budgeting,Inventory Analysis,Production Planning,Scheduling,-,10,-,Business Usage of Management Science,