初中英语语法大全a.ppt

,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,试题结构,听力题,阅读理解,选择题,翻译题,填空题,作文题,选择题,选择题共有,10,道,占总分的,5%,内容主要考察,语法,返回,序号,语法类别,2009-12,2010-6,2010-12,合计,比例,1,非谓语动词,3,7,4,14,18.5,2,定语从句,1,3,2,6,11.74,3,状语从句,3,2,3,8,12.57,4,名词性从句,2,1,1,4,9.85,5,虚拟语气,1,2,1,4,9.85,6,强调句和倒装句,1,0,1,2,5.34,7,主谓一致和反义疑问句,1,1,0,2,5.34,题 型,虚拟语气,分词结构,主谓一致,倒装结构,从句结构,独立主格,时态结构,虚拟语气,虚拟语气用来表示说话人的,主观愿望,或,假想,，所说的是一个条件，不一定是事实，或与事实相反。,返回,If,非真实条件句,（,1,）,If,从句动词,主句动词,与,现在,事实相反,一般过去时（,did/were,）,情态动词,+do,与,过去,事实相反,过去完成时,（,had done,）,情态动词,+have done,与,将来,事实相反,一般过去时,（,did/were,）,would+do,were+to do,should+do,If,非真实条件句,（,2,）,与,现在,事实相反,If they,were,here,they,would help,you.,If,非真实条件句,（,3,）,与,过去,事实相反,If she,had worked,harder,she,would have succeeded,.,The rice,would,not,have been,burnt if you,had been,more careful.,If he,had come,yesterday,I,should/would have told,him about it.,If,非真实条件句,（,4,）,与,将来,事实相反,If you,succeeded,everything,would be,all right.,If you,should succeed,everything,would be,all right.,If you,were to succeed,everything,would be,all right.,I wish,（1）,从句动词,与,现在,事实相反,一般过去时（,did,）,与,过去,事实相反,过去完成时,（,had done,）,与,将来,事实相反,would+do,I wish,（2）,I wish I,were,as tall as you.,我希望和你一样高。,I wished I,hadnt said,that.,他希望他没讲过那样的话。,I wish it,would rain,tomorrow.,我希望明天下雨就好了。,特殊动词,+,宾语从句,(should)+do,建议,suggest/propose/advise/recommend,要求,demand/desire/insist/require/request,命令,order/command,意志,urge/prefer/maintain/object,特殊名词,+,表语,/,同位语从句,(should)+do,建议,要求,命令,意志,主语从句,It is+adj./p.p.+that,(should)+do,特殊动词的,形容词,/,过去分词,形式：,suggested/desirable/advisable/demanded/urgent/preferable,特殊,形容词,：,important/impossible/necessary/natural/essential,特殊,名词,：,a pity/a shame,It is(high/about)time+(that),主语从句,did,表示做某事的时间早完了或早该做了。,从句动词用,一般过去式,表示虚拟。,例：,It is high time you,went,to bed.,would/had+rather/sooner,+,宾语从句,I would rather you,did,it,now,.,I would rather you,came,here,tomorrow.,I would rather you,had come,here,yesterday,.,as if/as though,He talks as if he,knew,where she is,now,He talks about Rome as if he,had been,there,before,He opens his mouth as if he,would say,something,lest/in case/for fear that,(should)+do,He checked his car carefully lest it,should break down,on the way.,but for+n./but+(that),从句,要不是,/,如果不是因为,without /with no,如果没有,/,如果不是,would have done,They,would have helped,us willingly but(that)they happened to be short of hands,too.,If only,：,要是,就好了！,与,现在,事实相反：,If only I,were,a boy.,与,过去,事实相反：,If only he,had been,here then.,与,将来,事实相反：,If only I,had,another chance.,If only I,could see,you tomorrow.,分 词,分词是一种,非谓语动词,形式,现在,分词：表示,主动,过去,分词：表示,被动,分词可以做前置,/,后置,定语,分词可以做时间,/,条件,/,原因,/,结果,/,让步,/,伴随,状语,返回,主谓一致,主谓一致指“人称”和“数,”,之间的一致关系,语法一致,（,grammatical concord,）,意义一致,（,notional concord,）,就近原则,（,principle of proximity,）,返回,语法一致,主语为,单数,形式，谓语动词用,单数,形式。,The number of the students present is 200,主语为,复数,形式，谓语动词用,复数,形式。,Jane and Mary look alike.,意义一致,主语形式虽为,单数,，但意义为复数，谓语动词用,复数,。,如：,The crowd were shouting.,单数形式代表,复数,内容的词有：,people,personnel,police,cattle,youth,mankind,等。,主语形式为,复数,，而意义上却是单数，谓语动词用,单数,。,如：,The news was so surprising.,复数形式单数意义的,单词,有,news,和一些以,-,ics,结尾的学科名称，如,physics,，,politics,economics,等。,就近原则,谓语动词的单、复数形式取决于最靠近它的词。,这类词包括：,or,，,eitheror,neithernot,not onlybut also,there be,结构,Either,your students,or,Mr.Wang,knows,this.,each/every/no,each/every/no,+n.,+,and,+,each/every/no+,n.,+,V.,单,Each,boy,and,each,girl,wants,to go to the cinema.,主谓倒装中的主谓一致,在主谓倒装句中，谓语动词与其后的主语一致。,如：,Between the two windows,hangs,a picture,.,and,and,连接的并列主语如果指的是,同一个人,、,同一 事物,或,同一概念,时，谓语动词用,单数,形式，这时,and,后面的名,词没有冠词。,A,(knife,and,fork),is,on the table.,The girls,(teacher,and,friend),is,a young doctor.,Truth,and,honesty,is,the best policy.,To love,and,to be loved,is,great happiness.,Going to bed early,and,getting up early,is,a good habit.,with,等,当主语后面跟有：,as well as,/,as much as,/,no less than,/,along with,/,together with,/,with,/,like,/,rather than,/,but,/,except,/,besides,/,including,/,in addition to,等引导的词组时，其谓语动词的单、复数视主语而定。,如：,The teacher,as well as,the students,was,reading in the library.,one and a half,表示数量的,one and a half,后，,名词,要用,复数,形式，但是其短语作主语时，,谓语,动词用,单数,形式。,如：,One and a half,bananas,is,left on the table.,one of+,定语从句,one of,+pl.+,引导词,+V.,复,the only,one of+pl.+,引导词,+V.,单,This is,one of,the most interesting stories that,have,been told.,She was,the only,one of the girls who,was,late.,倒 装,含义,：为了表达上的需要，有时特意颠倒句子成分或分句的一般次序，把句子的一般次序变为特殊次序的修辞手法，叫做倒装。,作用,：运用倒装，可以加强语势，调和音节，错综句法。,完全倒装,：,V+,S,（,地点,/,方向副词或介词短语位于句首）,部分倒装,：,助动词,/,情态动词,+,S,+,V,（,其它情况）,返回,倒装分类,here,等方向副词,+go,等位移动词,+,名词主语,in,等地点副词,+V+,名词主语,so,（,肯）,/,nor/neither,（,否）,+,助动词,/,情态动词,+,主语,so,+adj./adv.+,助动词,+,主语,+V+,that,从句,only+,介词短语,not,等表示否定意义的词 作状语置于句首,省略,if,的虚拟语气,让步状语从句,：形容词,/,名词,+as+,主语,+,谓语,here,等方向副词,方向副词,（,here,there,out,in,up,off,down,away,back,等）放到句首。,位移动词,：,go,come,run,rush,等。,主语必须是名词,。,Here,comes,the bus.,公共汽车来了。,There,goes,the bell.,铃声响了。,Down,came,the rain.,雨落了下来。,Out,rushed,a tiger from the wood.,忽然从林子里冲出一只老虎。,in,等介词表示的地点状语,注意：,这种倒装句的,主语必须是名词,。,In the center of the hall,stands,a white piano.,在大厅的中央立着一台白色的钢琴。,Under the bed,lies,a sleeping cat.,床铺底下躺着一只正在睡觉的猫。,Among them,was,a soldier who was wounded in the shoulder.,在他们当中有一个肩部受伤的士兵。,so,或,nor,等表示类推概念,用,so,或,nor,表示,“我也（不）这样,”一类概念时，常用以下结构：,肯定,：,so+,助动词,/,情态动词,+,主语,否定,：,nor/neither+,助动词,/,情态动词,+,主语,He has visited the museum.So,have,I.,他已经参观了博物馆，我也参观了。,The boy cant skate.,Nor,can,his brother,.(Neither,can,his brother.),那男孩不会滑冰。他的兄弟也不会。,注意：,如果,so,不是表示“我也,.”,而是表示“,的确如此,”则不能倒装。,John won first prize in the contest.,So,he did,.,约翰在比赛中赢得一等奖。的确如此。,-It was careless of you to have left your clothes outside all night.,-My God!So,I did,-,你真不小心整个晚上把衣服搁在外面。,-,天哪！果真如此。,so.that,so,在句首修饰形容词或副词表示强调时，主句要用倒装语序，后面以,that,引导的结果状语从句采用自然语序。,So shallow,is,the lake,that,no fish can live in it.,这个湖太浅了，鱼无法在这里存活。,So loudly,did,he speak,that,people upstairs could hear him.,他说话太大声以致楼上的人都能听见。,only+,介词短语作状语,only,所强调的方式、条件、时间,状语,等位于句首时，采用部分倒装。,Only by,taking a taxi,can you,arrive there on time.,你只有打的才能按时到达。,Only in,this way,can you,make progress in English.,只有采用这个办法你才能在英语方面取得进步。,Only when,she came home,did he,learn the news.,只有当她回到家中他才知道这个消息。,注意：,如果,only,修饰的不是状语而是,主语,，,不能倒装,。,Only his mother,was invited.,只有他的妈妈受到邀请。,not,等表示否定意义的词,为了强调句子中的否定状语，常将其置于句首，通常采用部分倒装。,副词：,few,little,never,not,nowhere,rarely,seldom,连词：,no sooner.than,hardly/scarcely/barely.when,not until,not only.but also,短语：,at no time,by no means,on no account,in no circumstances,Not until,all the fish died,did the villagers,realize how serious the pollution was.,直到河里的鱼死了，村民们才意识到污染有多么的严重。,Not a single,song,did she,sing at yesterdays party.,在昨天的晚会上她一首歌都没唱。,No sooner,had he,arrived than he fell ill.,他刚刚来到这儿就马上生病了。,注意：,如果,否定词只是否定主语,时，,不要倒装,。,Not a soul,was to be seen.,一个人影都看不见。,省略,if,的虚拟语气,虚拟语气的非真实条件句中若含有“,were,had,should,等词”，可以,省略连词,if,，,并把,were,等移到句首，构成倒装。,Were,he here now,he would tell us what to do.,如果他现在有在这儿，他会告诉我们该作些什么。,Had,I the time,I would go.,如有时间我就去。,Should,it not rain,the crops would die.,要是不下雨，庄稼就要死了。,让步状语从句的倒装,Clever,as,he is,he doesnt study well.,尽管他很聪明，但是学习不太好。,Child,as,he was,he lived on himself.,尽管还未成年，然而他独立谋生。,注意：,名词前不加冠词,补充说明,解题时应根据选项确定该题是否要用倒装结构。若有倒装选,项，则该题一般选择倒装，但要排除以下情况：,方向、地点副词位于句首要考虑主语是否是,名词,（,倒装,）还,是,代词,（,不倒装,）；,only/,否定词是做,状语,（,倒装,）还是修饰,主语,（,不倒装,）；,so,是表示“,也,”（,倒装,）还是表示“,的确,”（,不倒装,）：,注意省略,If,的虚拟语气倒装。,从 句,定义,：从句（,Subordinate Clause,）,是复合句里的一个句子成分。它,不能独立成句,，但它也有主语和谓语。所不同的是，它必须由一个,关联词,（,Connective,）,来引导。,分类,：从句有主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句、定语从句和状语从句,6,类。,名词性从句,：由于主语从句、表语从句及宾语从句在句子的功用相当于名词，故而这,3,种从句又通称名词性从句。,返回,定语从句,（,1,）,定语从句（,Attributive Clause,）：,用作定语的从句。,定语从句一般放在被它所修饰的名（代）词之后，这种名（代）词叫作,先行词,（,antecedent,）。,引导定语从句的,关联词,（,connective),为关系代词和关系副词。关系代词在定语从句中可用作主语、宾语、定语等；关系副词在定语从句中用作状语。,非限制性定语,：其作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明，通常和主句间用逗号隔开，将从句去掉后其他部分仍可成立,定语从句,（,2,）,判断,：引导词所代指的,先行词要在从句中充当某种句子成分,。因此，如果把先行词放到从句中成立，则该句为定语从句。（否则，一般为同位语从句）,下列情况不用,that,：,prep,.+which/whom/whose,非限制性定语从句,（,who/whose/where/when,）,which/as,（,as,可用于句首句中，,which,只用于句中）,such,+n./,so,+adj./,the same,+n.+as,同位语从句,同位语从句（,Appositive Clause,）：,与先行词同位或等同的从句。,其关联词多为,that,。,There is no evidence that oil price will come down in the near future.,判断,：先行词与从句表达的含义相同，或者说从句是对先行词的解释。,引导词不在从句中担当任何句子成分,。,强调句,（,1,）,强调句是一种修辞，是人们为了表达自己的意愿或情感而使用的一种形式,主要有如下几种形式：,用助动词“,do,（,does,did,）,动词原形,”来表示强调：,He,does,know the place well,他的确很熟悉这个地方。,用强调句型：,It is+,被强调部分,+who/that,It was,on Monday night,that,all this happened,所有这一切发生在周一晚上。,强调句,（,2,）,判断,：去掉,it is,和,who/that,之后，句子仍然成立。,强调,原因,的时候，原因从句只用,because,引导（不用,as/for/since/in that,）。,在强调,主语,时，若主语是,代词,，要用,主格,，不用宾格。因,为，若去掉,It is,和,who/that,之后，宾格不能做主语。例：,It is,he,who told me the news.,但强调,宾语,时仍然用,宾格,：,Its,me,that he blamed,他怪的是我。,强调句,（,3,）,only the 4 members of the committee who attended the meeting,last night.,A.There were B.It was,分析：,若选,there were,，,则把此句视作定语从句或同位语从句。,那它是否是,定语从句呢？,我们把引导词,who,所代指的先行词,the committee,放到从句中来审视，可以发现从句不成立，故此句不是定语从句。,那是否是,同位语从句呢？,当然也不是，因为在同位语从句中，引导词通常用,that,，,而且其先行词,the committee,与从句表达的意思并不一样。,因此，此句只是,强调句,，选,It was,。,强调句,（,4,）,其它形式的强调句：,用,形容词,very,，,only,，,single,，,such,last,等修饰名词或形容词来加强语气；,用,in the world,，,on earth,，,at all,等介词短语可以表达更强的语气（常用于疑问句,):,Where in the world could he be,？,他到底会在哪儿？,用,感叹句,来表示强烈的感情，突出说话人的情感：,How interesting a story it is,！,这是一个多么有趣的故事啊！,用,重复,来表示强调：,Why,！,why,！,The cage is empty,！,啊！啊！箱子是空的。,用,倒装句,来加强语气：,Many a time have I climbed that hill,我多次翻过那座山。,用,If,来表示强调：,If he cant do it,，,I dont know who can,If Jim is a coward,，,everybody is,If there is one thing he loves,，,it is money,用,破折号,、,黑体字,也可以表示强调，加强语气：,Its because of hard workten years of hard work,那是因为艰苦的工作,-,十年艰苦的工作！,宾语从句,从句要用,陈述句,，即,主,+,谓,。例：,I dont know when,he will,come back.,It,做形式宾语：,I think it best that you should stay here.,我想你最好还是留在这里。,She took it for granted that he would receive it with shame.,她认为他很羞愧地收到这东西是理所当然的。,由名词性关系代词,whatever,whoever,whichever,等引起的宾语从句。,He will do whatever the teacher asks him to do.,无论老师叫他做什么，他都做。,Ill take whoever wants to go with me to the theatre.,无论是谁想和我去电影院，我都会带他去。,主语从句,（,1,）,引导主语从句的连词有,that,/,whether,/,who,/,what,/,whatever,等。,连词位于句首不能省略,。,It,作形式主语,：,It,is likely,that,I should accept such an offer as that.,好像我因该接受这样的施舍。,It,is still a question,when,we shall have our sports meet.,我们什么时候开运动会还是一个问题。,主语从句,（,2,）,what,引导的主语从句要做句子的,主语,。因此选择,what,的前提条件是句子没有主语，若有，则不能用,what,引导的主语从句。例：,All,he said is right.,分析：,all,作此句的主语，因此句子不缺主语，故不能用,what,引导的主语从句。若去掉,all,，,则句子没有主语，需填,what,，,引导一个从句作主语。实际上，“,he said”,只是用来修饰,all,，,因此此句是定语从句，但也不能选,which,，,因为先行词,all,决定只能用,that,，,所以正确答案是,that,。,主语从句,（,3,）,That,：,位于,句首,引导主语从句，,不能省略,，且只起关联词的作用，不做任何,句子成份。通常可以,转化为,it,作形式主语,，,that,从句置于主句之后。,John could not fail the exam was once believed by everyone.,A.That B.What C.It is D./,分析,：,句中有两个动词“,could not fail”,和“,was once believed”,，,可判断出后者是句子的谓语；,因此“,John could not fail the exam”,是做整句话的主语；,主语从句必须有引导词，且位于句首不能省略，排除,D,；,What,要在主语从句中担当某种句子成分，但此主语从句不缺任何成分；,That,引导主语从句只充当引导词作用，不做任何成分。,It is,不是关联词，不能引导主语从句。,状语从句,（,1,）,状语从句,：指句子用作状语时，起副词作用的句子。,分类,：它可以修饰谓语、非谓语动词、定语、状语或整个句子。,作用,：根据其作用可分为时间、地点、原因、条件、目的、结果、让步、方式和比较等从句。,特点,：从句位于句首或句中时通常用逗号与主句隔开，位于句尾时可以不用逗号隔开。,状语从句,（,2,）,一般情况下，时间和条件状语从句的谓语动词一般用“,一般现在时,”表示“,一般将来时,”，用“,现在完成时,”表示“,将来完成时,”。例如：,I will call you as soon as I arrive in Beijing.,我一到北京就给你打电话。,这是由,as soon as,引导的时间状语从句，从句中的谓语动词,arrive,是一般现在时，表示一般将来时，决不可用,will arrive,。,As soon as I have finished this work,I will go home.,我一完成此工作，就回家。,从句中的谓语动词用现在完成时,have finished,，,表示将来完成时，决不可用,will,have finished,。,If he comes back,please let me know.,如果他回来了，请通知我。,从句中的谓语动词用,comes back,表示一般将来时，不可用,will come back,。,状语从句,（,3,）,when,while,和,as,的区别,when,引导的从句的谓语动词可以是,延续性,的动词，又可以是,瞬时,动词。例：,When she came in,I stopped eating.,她进来时，我在吃饭。（瞬时动词）,When I lived in the countryside,I used to carry some water for him.,当的住在农村时，我常常为他担水。（延续性的动词）,When,还可以表示“,正在那时,”：,We were about to leave when he came in.,我们就要离开，就在那时他进来了。,I was almost asleep last night when suddenly I heard someone knocking on the door.,While,引导的从句的谓语动作必须是,延续性,的，并强调主句和从句的动作,同时发生,（或相对应）。,While my wife was reading the newspaper,I was watching TV.,was reading,是延续性的动词，,was reading,和,was watching,同时发生。,While,还可以表示“,对比,”：,I like playing football while you like playing basketball.,我喜欢踢足球，而你喜欢打篮球。（对比）,As,表示“一边,一边”，,as,引导的动作是,延续性,的动作，一般用于主句和从句动作,同时发生,；,We always sing as we walk.,我们总是边走边唱。（,as,表示“一边,一边”）,As,也可以强调“,一先一后,”,。例如：,As we was going out,it began to snow.,当我们出门时，开始下雪了。,as,强调句中两个动作紧接着先后发生，而不强调开始下雪的特定时间。,状语从句,（,4,）,原因状语从句,：,because,语势最强，用来回答,why,提出的问题，说明人所不知的原因：,I didnt go there alone,because I was afraid.,as,语势最弱，和,since,共同表示显而易见或人所共知的原因：,Since/as the whether is so bad,we have to delay our journey.,for,表示推测的原因：,He must be ill,for he is absent today.,由,because,引导的原因从句位于句末，且前面有逗号隔开，则可以用,for,代替：,He is absent today,because/for he is ill.,独立主格结构,（,1,）,结构：,S,1,+V,1,，,S,2,+V,2,。,解释：,S1,不同于,S2,，,因此根据：一句话在没有连词连接的情况下，只能有一个谓语动词的要求，若,S2,是这句话的逻辑主语，则,V2,要作此句的谓语动词。那么,S1,后的,V1,只能用分词表示，做这句话的状语。因此，独立主格结构实际表为：,S,1,+,V,分词,，,S,2,+,V,谓语,。,例：,The test,finished,we,began,our holiday.,返回,独立主格结构,（,2,）,其它形式：,名词,/,主格代词,+,不定式,：名词,/,主格代词与不定式之间是主谓关系，且强调的是一次具,体性的动作。如：,He is going to make a model plane,some old parts to help.,借助于一些旧零件，他要做一个飞机模型。,They said good-bye to each other,one to go home,the other to go to the bookstore.,他们道别后，一个回了家，一个去了书店。,名词,/,主格代词,+,形容词,。如：,An air accident happened to the plane,nobody alive.,那架飞机遭遇了空难，无一人生还。,So many people absent,the meeting had to be called off.,这么多人缺席，会议不得不取消。,名词,/,主格代词,+,副词,。如：,He put on his sweater wrong side out.,他把毛衣穿反了。,The meeting over,they all went home.,会议一结束，他们就都回家了。,名词,/,主格代词,+,介词短语,。如：,The boy goes to the classroom,book in hand.,那男孩手里拿着书去教室。,Mary was sitting near the fire,her back towards the door.,玛丽靠近火炉坐着，背对着门。,独立主格结构,（,3,）,特点：,独立主格结构的,逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,，它独立存在。,名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定 式，介词等是,主谓关系,。,独立主格结构一般有,逗号与主句分开,。,时态,（,1,）,现在完成时,：,already/yet/never/ever,since+,时间点,/for+,时间段,just,：,现在完成时；,just now,：,一般过去时,two days+before,：,现在完成时；,before+yesterday,：,一般过去时。,in the past+three years,by yesterday/now/tomorrow,so far,during/in the last/past few years,现在完成时与,现在完成进行时,He has,gone to,/He has,been to,返回,时态练习,（,2,）,Byron is said,to have lived,on vinegar and potatoes.Do you believe it?,If the horse won today,he,would have won,thirty races in five years.,Upon being questioned,he denied,having written,the article.,I was so sick last night that I felt the room,were going,round,Today is Beryls wedding day.She,has just been married,to Harry.,(,has just married,),I,have been longing,to see you for ages.I have heard so much about you.,填空题,（,1,）,动词填空（,1,）：,n./pron.+,v.,分析：,动词在句中作两种成分：,谓语,：须考虑,时态,/,语态,/,虚拟语气,；,定语或状语：以,分词,形式表现，包括,现在,/,过去,分词；,如何判断该动词是在句中作谓语还是以分词形式作定语,/,状语？,找到该句中是否有,另外一动词,；,如果,没有,，则以所给动词作,谓语,，考虑以上三个方面,如果,已有一动词,，那么该句中是否有,连词,：,and/or/but/not only but also/not,but,等；,如果,有连词,，则所给动词需作并列,谓语,，仍考虑以上三个方面，两个动词时态基本一,致，但语态未必相同，需注意。,如果,已有动词,，但,没有连词,，那么就先判断已有动词,是否做谓语,，考虑动词作谓语的,三个方面。,如果,已有动词不做谓语,，那么所给动词需作该句,谓语,动词。,如果,已有动词做谓语,，那么所给动词变为,分词,作状语。,例：,The people injured in the accident,to the hospital.(send),返回,填空题,（,2,）,动词填空（,2,）,v.+,v.,：,v.,to do,/,doing,（,doing,居多，但注意动词,mean/be used to,）,prep.+,v.,：,v.,doing,the+,v.,：,v.,n.,adj.+,v.,：,v.,n./adv.,v.,：,v.,分词,only+,v.,：,v.,to do,（,不料,）,(when)+,v.,.,v.,分词,v.+what,等特殊疑问词,+,v.,：,v.,to do,填空题,（,3,）,其它,adj.+,n./adv.,adj.,+n.,adj.,比较级,（,than/next time,