英语学术论文的写法.ppt

,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Academic Writing and Communication,Lecture 6 Abstract,Contents,Definition of the abstract,Types of the abstract,Structure of the abstract,1.Definition of the Abstract(1),An Abstract should be viewed as a miniversion of the paper.The abstract,should provide a brief summary of each of the main sections of the paper,:Introduction,Materials and Methods,Results and Discussion.,Generally speaking,the abstract,should not exceed 250 words(100-200 words),and should be designed to,define clearly,what is dealt with in the paper.,1.Definition of the Abstract(2),The abstract should,(i)state the principal objectives and scope of the investigation,(ii)describe the methodology employed,(iii)summarize the results,and,(iv)state the principal conclusion.,1.Definition of the Abstract(3),Most or all of the Abstract should be written,in the past tense,because it refers to work done.,References to the literature must not be cited in the Abstract.,2.Types of Abstracts(3),The language should be familiar to the potential reader.Omit obscure abbreviations and acronyms.,Write the paper before you write the abstract,if at all possible,.,Unless a long term is used several times within an Abstract,do not abbreviate the term.,Wait and introduce the appropriate abbreviation at first use in the text(probably in the Introduction).,2.1 Informative abstract,信息性,/,报道性,/,资料性摘要,An informative abstract is designed to,condense the paper,.It can and should,briefly state the problem,the method used to study the problem,and the principal data and conclusions,.Often,the abstract,supplants the need for reading the full paper,;without such abstracts,scientists would not be able to keep up in active areas of research.This is the type of abstract that is used as a“heading”in most journals today.,2.2 Indicative abstract(1),指示性,/,说明性,/,描述性摘要,Another common type of abstract is the,indicative,abstract(sometimes called a descriptive abstract).This type of abstract,is designed to indicate the subjects dealt with in a paper,making it easy for potential readers to decide whether to read the paper.,However,because of its descriptive rather than substantive nature,it can seldom serve as a substitute for the full paper.,2.2 Indicative abstract(2),指示性,/,说明性,/,描述性摘要,Thus,indicative abstracts should not be used as“heading”abstracts in research papers,but they may be used in other types of publications,(review papers,conference reports,the government report literature,etc.);,such indicative abstracts are often of great value to reference librarians.,2.3 Informative-indicative abstract,报道,-,指示性摘要,An,informative-indicative,abstract is a combined form that bears a specific information about the principal findings and results and general information about the rest of the document.This type of abstract offers fewer details,instead,giving emphasis to the authors chief contribution.,Structure of the abstract,BPMRC,Bbackground,P purpose,Mmethodology,Rresults,Cconclusion or recommendation,Abstract analysis:Task(I),Read,the,sample,abstract,carefully,and,try,to,work,out,the,components of it,and,the,arrangements,of,them.,Model,Study,of,Anchored,pavement,锚固路面的模型研究,1)Roadways constructed of conventional pavement are subject to deformations after prolonged use.,2),A laboratory model study of an anchored pavement was carried out.,3)The objective of the study was to investigate construction problems and to develop specifications for a full-scale test(,为足尺试验制定具体参数,).,4)The study compared 1/20-scale anchored pavement and conventional slabs(,平板路面,)of similar dimensions.,5)The model test results were compared with results from finite-element(,有限元,)analysis.,6)The deformations were lower for the anchored pavement compared with those for the conventional slab,and stresses in the soil(,土壤应力,)were reduced and distributed more widely by rigid anchors(,刚性锚定,).7)These findings indicate that an anchored slab offers distinct advantages over a conventional slab.8)The ANSYS computer program could be used to analyze such a soil-structure system,incorporating the environmental and mechanical effects(,结合环境和机械效应,).,Suggested Answer,1)2)Background,3)Purpose,4)5)Methodology,6)Results,7)8)Conclusion and recommendation,Abstract analysis:Task(II),Read the abstracts in your journal papers,and work out what components are included and how they are arranged.,Compare your findings with those of your partner to see whether they are any differences in these two aspects.,BPMRC can be reduced to the following,structures in real practices,P+MRC,P+MR,Abstract analysis:Task(III),Go through the abstracts in your journal papers,and examine what tenses are used in each component of an abstract.,Tense in the abstract,Background,Purpose,Methods,Results,Conclusion,or,recommendation,Present,Past/,present,perfect,Past,Past,Present/,情态动词,Useful expressions,1.Sentences used to sum up the major points of the paper.,1)This paper is mainly devoted to an automatic frequency tuning system which is one of the most important parts of the buncher.,本文主要研究频率自动调谐系统，这是聚束器最重要的组成部分之一。,2,）,This study investigates/discusses/examines/reviews/outlines/presents/reports/surveys/measures the fitting of a class of generalized proportional hazards models,termed linear transformation models,to interval-censored data.,本研究调查（探讨、审查、复查、简述、呈现、报道、观察、测量）了一种广义比例风险模型，线性变换模型和区间截断数据的关系。,3,）,In this paper we focus on the classification of colour texture images.,本文中我们着眼于彩色纹理图像的分类。,4,）,This paper deals with the history of the use of hydrogen as a combustible or shielding gas in welding.,本文研究焊接中使用的氢气作为易燃保护气体的历史,。,5,）,In this paper,，,mathematical models for calculation and prediction of melting rate in arc welding with a triple-wire electrode are described.,本文描述了计算和预测三丝电极弧焊接融化率的数学模型。,6,）,This report is a study of the potential net economic impacts that could accrue to the state.,本报道是有关网络经济对国家潜在影响的研究。,7,）,This paper introduces a three-dimensional model,，,for fluid flow and heat transfer in the interfacial region between the TIG arc plasma and weld pool.,本文介绍了一种研究,TIG,电子弧离子区和熔池的界面区流体流动和热传递的三维模型。,2.Sentences used to indicate purposes,1)This study was conducted/intended to determine whether the growing season water balance could be manipulates through planting geometry.,本研究的目的是测试生长季节水分平衡是否能通过种植的几何形状加以控制。,2)The purpose/main objective of this paper/study is to explorer/survey the sources of information used in making decisions about whether and what type of long-term care insurance to purchase.,本文（本研究）的主要目的在与探究（调查）影响是否购买以及购买何种长期护理保险的决策信息来源。,3)The aim of this study is to make a contribution towards the development of a national long-term preservation,（,LTP,）,policy for digital objects of a cultural,，,scientific and academic nature.,本研究的目的在与对国家文化、科学和学术类数字对象的长期保存证词的发展作出贡献。,4)This study attempt to develop a model of online buying intention and test the model empirically.,本研究力图创建一种在线购买意图模型，并对该模型进行测试。,5)In this paper we aim to explore some of the democratic implications of institutions of interactive governance.,本论文中，我们将探究交户式治理制度的一些民主含意。,6)The objective of the robot team is to,once deployed in an environment,（,floor-plan,）,with multiple rooms,cover as many rooms as possible.,设立机器人小组的目的是，一旦在一个多房间的环境中进行设置，很快就能覆盖尽可能多的房间。,3.,Sentences used to indicate methods,1)The simulation system is utilized to perform experiments with various control strategies for the robot team organizations,evaluating the comparative performance of the strategies and organizations.,模拟系统在各种控制策略下对机器人小组和小组的组织方式进行测试、测评和比较各种策略以及组织方式的性能。,2)Three relevant approaches to grey scale texture analysis,namely local linear transforms,Gabor filtering and the co-occurrence approach are extended to colour images.,三种相关的灰阶纹理分析方法，即线性变换、,Gabor,滤波器和共现法都被运用到色彩图像分析中。,3)Furthermore,we introduce a new evolutionary approach to multi-criteria optimization,the strength Pareto EA(SPEA)that combines several features of previous multi-objective EAs in unique manner.,除此之外，我们介绍一种多准则优化演化方案，,SPEA,演算法，它把先前的多目标演算法的一些特点综合起来形成了独特的特点。,4)Local partial likelihood technique was proposed to estimate nonlinear interactions.,局部偏似然法被用来估测非线性交互作用。,5),This article provides an exploratory methodology to operationalize this concept,which will also be initially tested empirically,using expert judgments as well as electorates perceptions.,本文提出了一种探索性的研究方法来研究这个概念。首先也将用专家的判断和相关人士的见解进行实证研究。,6)The technique applied in this paper is referred to as Eulers method.,本文中采用的方法称为,Euler,法。,7,）,This paper is based on analysis of interviews with 25 energy sector actors that affect wind power policy in Finland.,本文基于对来自影响芬兰风能政策的能源部门的,25,个工作人员的采访分析。,4.Sentences used to indicate results and findings,1)It was found that the heat affect zone of joint was only observed in TIG welding,and the size of grains in it was evidently coarse.,我们发现，节点在热影响区只出现在,TIG,焊接中，而且其中的颗粒明显很粗糙。,2,）,The finding shows that students overall tend to repeat in order to get a recurring reading.,结果表明学生们大多都为了回读而重复。,3)Four types of singular models were identified,including the models where the noise amplitude is independent of the stimulus intensity.,我们发现了四种单一模型，其中包括有些模型，他们的噪声振幅与刺激强度无关。,4,）,The survey revealed that peoples attitudes are strongly influenced by science fiction.,调查表明人们的态度受科幻小说影响很大。,5)A key finding was that robots need to be capable of social interaction,or at least aware of the social context,whenever they operate around people.,一个重要的发现是，只要机器人在人类周围活动，他们都要有一定的社交能力，或者至少能意识到周围的社会环境。,6,）,Simulation studies show that the proposed procedure works well and gives accurate estimates.,模拟实验表明原计划的程序进行的很顺利，而且给出了准确的判断。,5.,Sentences used to suggest conclusion,1)It is concluded that special theories posting status frustration are required to account for moral-reform social movement adherence.,结论是要用有关地位挫折的专门理论来解释人们对道德改革社会运动的热衷。,2),The study suggests that the concept of cultural capital can be used fruitfully to understand social class differences in childrens school experiences.,这个研究表明，借助文化资本这个概念来理解社会阶层的不同在儿童学习经历中所造成的影响卓有成效。,3,）,The results(of the observation)suggest/show that fox can play a relevant role as seed disperser of Mediterranean Hack-berry.,观察结果表明，狐狸在欧洲朴的传种问题上起着一定的作用。,4,）,The conclusion if our research is that addressing only the primary user in service robotics is unsatisfactory,and that the focus should be on the setting,activities and social interactions of group of people where the robot is to be used.,我们研究的结论是，在研究服务型机器人时仅仅关注主要使用人是不能解决问题的，还要关注机器人的安置、活动、以及使用机器人的人群之间相互的社会影响。,5,）,The paper concludes with a wider discussion of the limitations of the military competitive model as applied to politics and a general indication of how a more comprehensive competitive model might be created.,本文以对军事竞争模式的局限性更广泛的讨论结尾，以期适用于政治并研究如何创建更加综合性的竞争模式。,Assignment,Write an abstract,in,accordance,with,the,requirements,of,your,target,submission,journal.,Note:,You may refer to,the major points of your bachelors degree document.,Basic Components of Journal Articles,Title(subtitle),论文题目,(,副标题,),Authors name(s),作者姓名,Abstract,内容提要,Key words,关键词,IMRAD formatIMRAD,Acknowledgements,致谢,(,可空缺,),References,参考文献,Appendix,附录,(,可空缺,),Resume,作者简介,The IMRAD Format,I,ntroduction,引言,M,aterials and methods,材料与方法,R,esults,结果,D,iscussion&Conclusion,讨论与结论,The IMRAD Format of the Body,What question(problem)was studied?,The answer is the Introduction,.,How was the problem studied?,The answer is the(M,aterials and,)Methods.,What were the findings?,The answer is the Results.,What do these findings mean?,The answer is the Discussion.,Abstract analysis,Using self-resonant,自振,coils,线圈,in a strongly coupled regime,状态,we experimentally demonstrated efficient non-radiative,非放射性的,power transfer over distances up to 8 times the radius,范围,of the coils.We were able to transfer 60 watts with 40%efficiency over distances in excess of 2 meters.We present a quantitative model describing the power transfer,which matches the experimental results to within 5%.We discuss the practical applicability of this system and suggest directions for further study.,Expressions for Abstract Writing,report,show,demonstrate,model,indicate,suggest,propose,imply,reveal,present,discuss,describe,examine,measure,identify,infer,deal with,cope with,be concerned with,represent,estimate,analyze/make an analysis,distinguish,observe,obtain agreement,combine,compare,differ,differ from/with in,make a difference,conclude,draw/make a conclusion,sum up,conduct research on,investigate,make an investigation,survey,apply,employ,use,constitute,fulfill the gap,fulfill the role,perform a crucial function/role,construct,make/carry out/perform an experiment in,experiment on/with,experimentally,fabricate,test this hypothesis by,performed normally,require,determine,quantify,measure,replicate,discover,identify,find,findings,results,2.4 Structured Abstract(,结构式摘要,),是报道性摘要的结构化表达,(1),目的,(Objective),:,研究的问题、目的或设想等,;,(2),设计,(Design),:,研究的基本设计,样本的选择,;,(3),单位,(Setting),:,开展研究的单位,;,(4),对象,(Patients,Participants),:,研究对象的信息,;,(5),处置,(Interventions),:,处置方法,;,(6),主要结果测定,(Main Outcome Measures),:,实验过程,;,(7),结果,(Results),:,研究的主要发现,;,(8),结论,(Conclusions),:,主要结论及其潜在应用,Types of Structured Abstract,New England Journal of Medicine,Background,Methods,Results,Conclusions,The Lancet,Background,Methods,Findings,Interpretation,JAMA(Journal of the American Medical Association),Context,Objective,Design,Setting,Patients,Interventions,Main Outcome Measures,Results,Conclusion,3.1 The Formalized Structure of Abstract,An abstract usually consists of the following three major parts:,topic sentence,supporting sentences and,concluding sentences.,3.1.1 Topic Sentence,The first sentence in an abstract is usually called the“topic sentence”.,By answering the question of“what”,the topic sentence always goes straightforwardly to the subject or the problem and indicate the primary objectives of the paper.,3.1.1 Examples(1),The,purpose,of this paper is,The,primary goal,of this research is,The,intention,of this paper is to survey,The,overall objective,of this study is,In this paper,we aim at,Our goal,has been to provide,The chief aim,of the present work is to investigate the features of,3.1.1 Examples(2),The authors are now,initiating some experimental investigation to establish,The work presented in this paper,focuses on,several aspects of the following,The problem we have outlined,deals largely with,the study of,With his many years research,the authors endeavor is to explain,why,3.1.1 Examples(3),The,primary object,of this fundamental research will be to reveal the cause of,The main objective,of our investigation has been to obtain some knowledge of,With recent research,the author,intends to,outline the framework of,The author attempted,the set of experiments with a view to demonstrating certain phenomena,3.1.1 Examples(4),The experiment being made by our research group,is aimed at,obtaining the result of,The main objective,of our investigation has been to obtain some knowledge of,Experiments on were made,in order to measure,the amount of,The,emphasis,of this study,lies in,3