英语语法整合大全.ppt

,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,语法整和,名词,可数名词,：能以数目来计算，可以分成个体的人或东西,如：,girl room desk school etc.,不可数名词,：不能以数目来计算，不可以分成个体的东西,如：,coal cloth paper thread etc.,专有名词,是特定的某人、地方或机构的名称，即人名、地名等。,如：,China Hong Kong United Nations,所有格,名词所有格：有生命的东西的名词及某些表示时间、距离、星球、世界、国家等无生命的东西的名词后加,s,来表示所有关系，叫做名词所有格。,如：,the moons light,3 hours walk,a butchers shop,代词,人称代词,：用于人的称谓,主格：,I we you he she it they,宾格：,me us you him her it them,物主代词,：表示关系的代词叫做物主代词,分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词,如：,my mine your yours her hers,our ours their theirs,不定代词,：不指明代替任何特定名词或形容词的代词叫做不定代词,如：,some,，,any,，,all,，,none,，,both,，,either,，,neither,，,each,，,every,，,other,，,another,疑问代词,在句中起名词词组的作用，用来构成疑问句,如：,who,whom,whose,what,which,数词,基数词,：表示数目的词称为基数词,如：,one,，,two,，,three,，,four,，,five,，,six,，,seven,，,eight,，,nine,，,ten,序数词,：序数词是指表示顺序的数词,大多的序数词都是由其相对应的基数词后面添加“,th”,构成。,如：,first,second,third,fourth,fifth,sixth seventh,eighth,ninth tenth,序数词,：序数词是指表示顺序的数词,大多的序数词都是由其相对应的基数词后面添加“,th”,构成。,如：,first,second,third,fourth,fifth,sixth seventh,eighth,ninth tenth,连词,并列连词与并列结构,and,：,They started to dance and sing.,both and,：,She plays both the piano and the guitar.,not onlybut also,：,She plays not only the piano,but also the guitar.,neithernor,：,Neither you nor he is to blame.,表示转折或对比,but,表示转折，,while,表示对比。,Some people love cats,while others hate them.,notbut,They were not the bones of an animal,but of a human being.,形容词,比较级,：用于两个人或事物的比较,其结构形式如下,:,主语,+,谓语,+,形容词比较级,+than+,对比成分。,最高级：,用于两个以上的人和物进行比较,主语,+,谓语,+the+,形容词最高级,+,名词,+,表示范围的短语或从句。,副词,比较级与最高级,一般 副词,hard harder hardest,fast faster fastest,late later latest,early earlier earliest.,特殊 副词,well better best,much more most,badly worse worst,little lesser least.,quickly more quickly most quickly,quietly more quietly most quietly,(early,中的,-ly,不是后缀，故可以把,y,变,i,再加,-er,和,-est),时间和频度副词,:,now,then,often,always,usually,early,today,lately,seldom,never,soon,immediately,finally,before,sometimes,yesterday.once,，,twice,地点副词,:,here,there,everywhere,anywhere,in,out,inside,outside,above,below,down,back,forward,home,upstairs,downstairs,across,along,round,around,near,off,past,up,away,on.,方式副词,:,carefully,properly,anxiously,suddenly,normally,fast,well,calmly,politely,proudly,softly,warmly,程度副词,:,much,little,very,so,too,still,quite,perfectly,enough,extremely,almost,slightly,hardly.,疑问副词,:,how,when,where,why.,关系副词,:,when,where,why.,连接副词,:,therefore,moreover,however,then.,动词,分类,根据其在句中的功能，动词可分为四类,实义动词、系动词、助动词、情态动词,.,还可以分成及物动词和不及物动词,根据是否受主语的人称和数的限制，可分两类,分别是：限定动词、非限定动词,五种形态,原形、第三人称单数、过去式、过去分词、现在分词,非谓语动词,不定式：,to+do,，否定式：,not+(to)do,如：,Im glad to meet you.,He seems to know a lot.,动名词：,形式：,Ving,否定式：,not+,动名词,如：,Seeing is believing.,We remembered having seen the film.,I regret not following his advice.,构词法,转化法,动词转化为名词,如：,Lets go out for a walk.,Lets have a swim.,名词转化为动词,如：,Did you book a seat on the plane?,Please hand me the book.,形容词转化为动词,We will try our best to better our living conditions.,副词转化为动词,Murder will out.,形容词转化为名词,You should be dressed in black at the funeral.,派生法,前缀,表否定的前缀：,dis-,im-,in-,ir-,mis-,non-,un-,appeardisappear correctincorrect,表示其他意义的前缀常用的有,a-(,多构成表语形容词,),anti-(,反对；抵抗,),auto-(,自动,),co-(,共同,),en-(,使,),re-(,再,),alone,单独的,antigas,防毒气的,cooperate,合作,后缀,常用的后缀有,-ess,-ful,-ian,-ist,-ment,-ness,-tion,-ize,-(e)n),-ly,-ous,-al,-ish,-ive,-less,-ly),-th,-teen,如：,differdifference actactress,mouthmouthful musicmusician,widewiden beautybeautify,realrealize naturenatural,reasonreasonable angryangrily,sixsixteensixteenth,合成法,合成名词,如：名词动名词,handwriting,名词名词,weekend,名词动词,daybreak,介词名词,afternoon,现在分词名词,flying-fish,动词名词,typewriter,形容词名词,gentleman,合成形容词,如：名词形容词,snow-white,数词名词,one-way,数词名词形容词,two-year-old,数词名词,ed five-storeyed,动词副词,see-through,形容词形容词,light-blue,形容词现在分词,good-looking,副词形容词,ever-green,副词名词,fast-food,介词名词,downhill,合成动词,如：名词动词,sleep-walk,形容词动词,white-wash,副词动词,overthrow,合成副词,如：形容词名词,hotfoot,形容词副词,everywhere,副词副词,however,介词名词,beforehand,介词副词,forever,合成代词,如：代词宾格,self herself,物主代词,self myself,形容词名词,anything,合成介词,如：副词名词,inside,介词副词,within,副词介词,into,句子,句子成分,包括主语、谓语、宾语、定语、补语、状语、表语七种,并列句,：两个或两个以上的简单句用并列连词连在一起构成的句子,常用连接词有：,and,，,but,，,or,，,so,，,not onlybut also,，,however,，,neithernor,，,eitheror,，,still,主从复合句,(,分类,举例说明,:,四种名词性从句,;,状语从句,;,定语从句,;,各从句连接词的使用,),简单句的五种句型,1.,主语,+,不及物动词（主、谓结构）,He is working.,2.,主语,+,及物动词,+,宾语（主、谓、宾结构）,We study English every day.,3.,主语,+,连系动词,+,表语（主、系、表结构）,Trees turn green.,4.,主语,+,及物动词,+,间宾（人）,+,直宾（物）,=,主语,+,及物动词,+,直宾（物）,+to/for+,间宾（人）,I gave him a book.=I gave a book to him.,5.,主语,+,及物动词,+,宾语,+,宾补,We call him Jim.We must keep the window open.I saw a thief going into your room.,直接引语,讲述别人的原话，并把它放在引号里,间接引语,用自己的话来转述别人，并且不能用引号,间接引语中，引语的主语要使用宾格，动词要使用不定式，不定式的时态取决于引语动词发生的时间与主句动词时间的先后性,