高中定语从句讲义.doc
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1、英语的句子成分及基本结构首先,我们来看一下英语当中词的词性 (part of speech)( n. ) apple, flower, student, adult, advertisement 这些是 _词(pron.) I, you, we, myself, ourselves这些是 _词( v. ) work, run, read, abandon, beg这些是 _词( adj. ) excited, important , central这些是 _词, 常用来修饰 _( adv. ) fast, hard, happily, out, away这些是 _词, 常用来修饰 _(conj
2、. ) and, but, or, as, when, if. 这些是 _词, 常用来 _(prep. ) in, on, at, by, above这些是 _词, 可以构成短语, 在一个句中做下列成分: This is a book on gardening. (做 定 语) The book is under the table. (做 表 语) He has been here since Friday. (做 状 语) Make yourself at home. (做 补 语)接下来,我们在了解一下构成一个句子的基本成分有哪些 (members of sentences)George
3、 is a smart boy from Britain. He likes learning Chinese very much. History is his favorite subject, too. Talking with his Chinese friends online makes him happy.在这几个句子里:George, He, History, Talking with his Chinese friends 是句子中的 _.is是句子中的 _.like, make是句子中的 _.a smart boy, his favorite subject是句子中的 _.
4、learning Chinese, him是句子中的 _.smart, from Britain, favorite是句子中的 _.very much是句子中的 _.happy是句子中的 _.现在,我们进入正题,看看英语简单句的基本结构有哪些 (sentence structures)Today was my first day at my new school. I dont like the new people around me. When they speak to me I feel very shy, so they misunderstand and think I am un
5、friendly. In our class the teacher gave us a task - to stand up and introduce ourselves. I could feel everyone looking at me. I went very red and could only say a few words quietly. The teacher will think I am a bad student, but I work very hard. My problem is that Im easily embarrassed.e.g. 1 Today
6、 was my first day at my new school.主语(Subject) + 系动词(Link-verb) + 表语(Predicative) + 状语(Adverbial)结构1:S + L-v + P + (A)你知道的系动词(Link-verb)有哪些?be am/ is/ are/ was/ wereWhen they speak to me I feel very shy系动词还包括:(1) 表示“感觉”的feel, look, sound, taste, smell (2) 表示“变化”的bee, fall, get, grow, turn,go (3) 表示“
7、保持”的stay, remain, keep (4) 表示“看上去”的 appear, seem(5) 表示“证明”的provee.g. 2 I dont like the new people around me.主语(Subject) + 谓语动词(Verb) + 宾语(Object) + 状语(Adverbial)结构2:S + V + O + (A)e.g.3 but I work very hard.主语(Subject) + 谓语动词(Verb) + 状语(Adverbial)结构 3:S + V + (A)这个句子为什么没有宾语?英语中的实义动词分为及物动词(vt.)和不及物动词
8、(vi.)两种。及物动词指的是后面可以直接跟宾语的动词,如:learn, see, study, like.不及物动词/词组指的是后面不能直接跟宾语,也不能用被动语态的动词/词组,如:run, happen, wait, work, take place, run out* 有些动词,即可以做vt. 也可以做vi. e.g. He often drives very fast. He often drives his friends home.e.g. 4 In our class the teacher gave us a task状语(Adverbial) + 主语(Subject) +
9、谓语动词(Verb) + 直接宾语(Direct object) + 间接宾语 (Indirect object) 结构4:S + V + O1 + O2 + (A)* 第四种结构的句子都可以转化成为第二种结构的句子 e.g. In our class the teacher gave us a taskIn our class the teacher gave a task to use.g. 5 I could feel everyone looking at me主语(Subject) + 谓语动词(Verb) + 宾语(Object) + 宾补(Object plement)结构5:S
10、 + V + O + OC* 其它可以充当宾补的还有: No one likes to keep his room dirty and disorderly. ( 形容词 ) Its cold out. Why not invite them in? ( 副 词 ) They named their dog Joe. ( 名 词 ) The teacher had the students doing their homework for a long time.( 现在分词 ) I had my hair cut yesterday. ( 过去分词 ) He asked me to give
11、 him a hand. (动词不定式)关于状语状语可以分为以下几种:1. Lets get together at 7 oclock.( 时间 状语)2. I met the boy in the library.( 地点 状语)3. He came late because of the heavy rain.( 原因 状语)4. She got to the station to pick up her son.( 目的 状语)5. The young man got up too late to catch the bus.( 结果 状语)6. Will you go to New Y
12、ork by sea or by air?( 方式 状语)7. If it rains tomorrow, the meeting will be put off.( 条件 状语)8. Despite the heavy rain, he went to look after the old man.( 让步 状语)9. I cant do anything with you looking at me.( 伴随 状语)试一试: 你能说出下列划线的部分分别在句子当中担当什么成分吗?1. Some of the older students came to our classroom today
13、 to talk with us. 目的状语2. They are very enthusiastic and they speak fluently in front of lots of people. 表语;地点状语 3. I want to be like them. 宾语4. The English teacher always wants me to talk. 宾补5. When Im sitting at a puter, I dont feel shy. 时间状语;表语6. I live in Shijiazhuang, a city not far from Beijing
14、. 定语7. What she told me seems real. 表语知识延伸:如果在一个英语句子中,作某个特定成分的不再是一个词或者短语,而是一个从句,那么这个含有从句的大句子就叫做复合句。试一试: 你能辨别下列从句的种类吗?1. I dont know that he has joined the army. ( 从句)2. What he said sounds good.( 从句)3. My problem is that Im easily embarrassed.( 从句)4. He wanted to help the old man who lived next door
15、.( 从句)5. When the film ended, the people went back.( 从句)6. Where there is a will, there is a way.( 从句)7. Ill speak slowly so that you can follow me.( 从句)8. He is so lovely a boy that we all like him.( 从句)9. Youll fail the exam unless you work hard.( 从句)10. Hes unhappy, though he has a lot of money.(
16、 从句)定语从句 attributive clause英语谚语欣赏 1. He who knows nothing but pretends to know everything is indeed a good-for-nothing. 不懂装懂,一事无成。 2. Its the first step that costs.千里之行,始于足下。 3. He that makes himself a sheep shall be eaten by the wolf. 甘当小绵羊,迟早要喂狼。概念(1) 定语从句:在主从复合句中用作定语(修饰某一名词或代词)的从句叫定语从句,一般紧接在先行词(a
17、ntecedent)后面。 (2) 先行词:被定语从句修饰的成份。先行词可以为一个词,短语,或整个主句。 (3) 引导定语从句的词叫关系词 关系代词who, whom, whose, that, which, as 关系副词 when, where, why在从句中作某个句子成份(可以做主语,宾语,定语,状语)关系代词关系副词关系词先行词从句成分备注who人主语,宾语whom, which和that在从句中做宾语时,常可以省略但介词提前时后面关系代词不能省略,也不能用thatwhom人宾语whose人,物定语that人,物主语,宾语which 物主语,宾语as人,物主语,宾语as做宾语一般不省
18、略when时间时间状语可用on whichwhere地点地点状语可用in whichwhy原因原因状语可用for which定语从句三步: 第一找出先行词; 第二看先行词在定语从句中的语法功能(做主语、宾语或状语);第三选择合适的关系词。1.who,whom和whose引导的定语从句(1)who或whom均可指代人, 但who在从句中作主语或宾语, whom在从句中作宾语; 两者在引导限制性定语从句时可用that替换。 作主语时, who/that不可省略; 作宾语时, whom/who/that可以省略。 Ive bee good friends with several of the st
19、udents in my school I met in the English speech contest last year. I have many friends to Im going to send post cards. The person I want to talk about with is Tu Youyou, the one won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2015.(Who/whom/that; whom; who)(2)whose表所属关系, 一般指人,也可指物, 在从句中作定语。 指物时相当于o
20、f which; 指人时相当于of whom。 Do you know the man name is Wangping? Do you know the man the name is Wangping? Do you know the man the name is wangping? This is the room window is broken. This is the room the window is broken. This is the room the window is broken.结论:whose+ n. (物)= of which the n. / the n.
21、 of which. whose+ n. (人)= of whom the n. / the n. of whom.注意:关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。Tom is the only one of the engineers who has e up with the solution.2.that,which引导的定语从句(1)which指物, 在从句中可以作主语、宾语,也可作定语,作宾语时可以省略。that指人或物均可, 在从句中可以作主语、宾语、表语, 作宾语时可以省略。 She showed the visitors around the mu
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