关于比较结构课件.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,英语中的比较结构,同等比较,差等比较,递进比较,选择性比较,同等比较,表示两人或两物在性质、特征等方面相似或相等,asas,be equal to,be the same as,be identical to,no more than,I use the same shampoo as you do,我用的洗发水和你的一样。,A whale is no more a fish than a horse,鲸和马一样都不是鱼。,句,1,是普通的比较结构,用的是,not,属于劣级比较,=Mary is less beautiful than her younger sister.(,玛丽没有她妹妹漂亮,.),句,2,用了,no,其意思比,not,强得多,该句属于一个具有修辞色彩的等同级比较,.,意思是玛丽和她妹妹一样都不漂亮,.,即玛丽的妹妹已够不漂亮的了,而玛丽的漂亮程度也不高于她妹妹,.,翻译这种”,no+,形容词,(,副词,),比较级,+than”,时,可以译成”,一样,+,形容词,(,副词,),的反义词,(,原级,)”,。在例句中,no more beautiful than,就相当于,as ugly as,译成”一样丑”,.,再如,:,例如：,3)Tom is no stronger than his elder brother.,汤姆和他哥哥,一样虚弱,.,4)This apple is no bigger than that one.,这两个苹果,一样小,.,5)This material is no more elastic than stone.,这种材料跟石头,一样没弹性,.,差等比较,包括优等比较和劣等比较，前者表示甲优于乙，后者表示甲劣于乙。,than,not as as,be superior to/be inferior to,形容词,superior,inferior,anterior,prior,junior,和,posterior,本身具有比较含义，不必再构成比较级，后面也不用,than,而用介词,to,其中,superior,和,inferior,前可以加,much,或者,far,加强语气。例如：,They talked of their neighbours in a cruel way,but she is superior to all that.,他们在恶意地谈论着邻居们，而她却绝不参与。,It is inferior to the sample.,它比样本差。,有额比较,表示具体比较结果即额是多少,额,+,比较级,+than,Sound travels nearly three times faster in copper than in lead.,声音在铜中的传播速度几乎是铅中的,3,倍。,额,+as+,原级,+as,Nigeria is three times as large as the U.K,尼日利亚是英国的三倍大,递进比较,它是英语中的一种比较特殊的比较关系，表示一种不断递进的语义关系。,the+,比较级,+,句子，,the+,比较级,+,句子,The thicker the wire is,the more freely it can carry current.,导线越粗，导电就越容易。,汉语的“越来越”在英语用,more and more+adj.or adv.,表示,all the+,比较级则有“越益”的意思。,even(still or yet)+,比较级，表示“更加,”,之意,例如：,The problem is getting more and more serious.,这个问题现在变得越来越严重。,As a result,at that time the poor became all the poorer,the rich all the richer.,结果那时候穷的更穷，富的更富。,终极比较,表示某人或某物在特定范围内显得最突出，或某一动作在一定情况下达到最高程度。其结构主要用形容词和副词的最高级。,The kilometer is the largest metric unit of measurement.,千米是最大的米制衡量单位。,Green is far better as a bowler than any other member of the team.,身为板球投手，格林比其他队员强得多。,选择性比较,表示通过比较，作出一种选择。,1.,“,最好”、“还是,较好”，常用,had better,来表示,从别人的不幸吸取教训，总比从自己的不幸吸取教训要好。（他山之石，可以攻玉。）,You,d better,be wise by the misfortune of others than your own.,选择性比较,2.,“,宁可,也不愿”，英语表达方式较多,宁可站着死，不愿跪着生。,Prefer to,die standing,rather than,live kneeling.,他与其早衰，不如晚熟。,He,would rather,ripen late,than,blast early.,宁要今天一个蛋，不要明天一只鸡。,Better to,have an egg today,than,a hen tomorrow.,比喻,形容词和副词的比较级除了用于同类事物的比较外,还常用作比喻,表示不同事物间的比拟。在这种情况下,就不宜译成“比,更,一些”,而应译为“如,一样”。例如,:,1.Our village is not less beautiful than this,picture.,我们村子像这幅画一样美丽。,(,也可译为“我们的村子毫不比这幅画逊色。”,),2.A fool can no more see his own folly than,he can see his ears.,愚人之不能自知其愚,亦犹如其不能自见,其耳。,!,有一点值得注意,作比喻的比较级用于否定句时,than,后的从句不用否定式,但译成汉语时要用否定词。例如,:,1.A student can no more obtain knowledge without studying than a farmer can get harvest without ploughing.,学生不学习就不能获得知识,正如农民不耕作不能获得收获一样。,3.Radiation was not thought to be a part of,matter any more than sound is a part of the bell.,认为放射能,(,线,),不是一种物质,就像说钟,声不是一种声音一样。,从以上例句看出,no more than,表示的比喻意义,也可用,not any more than,来表示。,2.3,温和的责备,You might have been more,careful,.,你应该仔细一点。,2.4,含蓄的否定,I am wiser than to believe what he said.,我还是不信他所说的话为妙。,以上例句,没有,用任何,否定词,但应准确地,译出,比较级暗含的否定,之意,它要求在阅读原文时,要由表及里,充分领会其中的涵义。,2.4”more than can”结构,此结构貌似普通比较,实际是对,than,引导的从句的意思的否定,.,宜译成”,使,难以,”,”,简直不,”,”,无法,”.,如,:,1)The news is more than I can believe.,我,简直难以,相信这个消息,.,2)His attitude to me is more than I can stand.,我,无法,忍受他对我的态度,.,3)It is more than I can tell what kind of a man he,is.,我,难以,说出他是怎么样的一个人,.,强调,强调是修辞中一种常用的手法。英语比较级亦可表示调,用来突出和加强所修饰的词,起到进一步说明和加强语气等作用。例如,:,1.I was more than surprised;I was astonished.,我岂止是惊奇,而是大吃一惊。,2.There is a woman like a dewdrop,she is so purer than the purest.,有女贞洁如露珠,以上例句中用比较级表示强调的原文,翻译时可依据原文的内容采取不同的方式来表达。有时以简代繁,有时加上一些强调性的词语,如“特别”“,非常”“,岂止是”等。无论是用哪种方式,皆须贴切传神。,隐含的比较形式,英语中有许多形容词如：,growing,increasing,superior,inferior,prior,junior,similar,preferable,overdue,analogous,comparable,和介词,to,with,连用具有比较含义，例如：,1,Cement is also superior to mortar and plaster in strength and firmness.,水泥在强度和硬度方面比三合土和灰泥优越。,2,The baby is two weeks overdue.,那胎儿已经超过预产期两个星期了。,3,The atomic structure is comparable to a solar system.,原子结构就好比太阳系。,动词,英语中,compare,exceed,flatter,incline,prefer,survive,excel,dwarf,increase,decrease,surpass,transcend,等动词以及,out-,over-,等为前缀的一系列动词都具有比较含义，例如：,1,Platinum exceeds gold in value.,白金的价格高于黄金。,2,The skyscraper dwarfs the church.,教堂与摩天大楼相比显得好小。,3,My aunts portrait flatters her.,我婶婶的肖像比她本人漂亮。,另外，还有少数动词短语本身具有比较意义，如，,get the better of,get an advantage of,make perfect match with,等,几种特殊比较结构的,理解与翻译,1.,“,more than can,”,此结构貌似普通比较，实际是,than,引导的从句的意思的否定。宜译成“使,难以”，“简直不,”,，“无法,”,如,:,His attitude to me is more than I can stand.,我无法忍受他对我的态度。,It is more than I can tell what kind of man he is.,我难以说出他是怎么样的一个人,.,1)Mary is not more beautiful than her younger sister.玛丽没有她妹妹漂亮.,2)Mary is no more beautiful than her younger sister.玛丽和她妹妹一样都不漂亮.,句,2),用了,no,，其意思比,not,强得多，该句属于一个具有修辞色彩的等同级比较。意思是玛丽和她妹妹一样都不漂亮,.,即玛丽的妹妹已够不漂亮的了，而玛丽的漂亮程度也不高于她妹妹。翻译这种”,no+,形容词,(,副词,),比较级,+than“,时，可以译成”,一样,+,形容词,(,副词,),的反义词,(,原级,)”,。在例句中，,no more beautiful than,就相当于,as ugly as,。,句,1),是普通的比较结构，用的是,not,，属于劣级,比较,=Mary is less beautiful than her younger sister.,2.“no+,形容词,(,副词,),比较级,+than”,结构表示等同级比较,3.No more than,连用的no more than 与上例意思不同,是不可翻译为“同样”的。如:,He is no more than skin and bone.(他只剩下皮包骨头了。),He is no more than a student.(他只不过是个学生。),以上两例中的no more than 只能理解为only 之意。,4.No less than,与,no more than,类似的词语有,no less than.,例如,:,Sunlight is no less necessary than fresh air to a,healthy condition of body.,(,日光和新鲜的空气同样对身体的健康状况是同样有必要的。,),在此句中,no less than,和,no more than,用法相同,但表达的是两个相反的意思,前者含有两个否定因素,而表达都是肯定,相当于,quite as as,翻译为“不逊于”、“不弱于”。而后者则表示否定,等于,as little as,可翻译为“同样不”。,5,.“prefer to/rather than”,结构此结构看来和比较无关实际上某种 比较。其基本意思是”宁愿,而不愿“翻译时较为灵活,6.“would rather/sooner.than”,“still more/less(,动词原形,)”,这几种结构在表示一个体两个属性比较时，两个属性均由动词表示,.,翻译时应分别译成”宁可,不愿”，”宁愿,不和”,更,(,不,),会,”,。如,:,1)Mary can even speak English,，,still more,(speak)French.,玛丽不仅讲英语，更会讲法语,.,7.,表示潜在比较的结构,“,tooto/for”,与“,enough.to/for”,结构,做潜在比较级，其意义是比足够的、所允许的、合理适当的程度还要高一级,.,因此，“,too.to/for”,结构可译为“太,以致不,(,能,)”,、“太,没有”，如,:,I am afraid we shall be too late for the match.,恐怕我们赶不上去比赛了。,“,be+,形容词,+to”,结构,常用于这种结构的形容词有：,comparable(,比得上的,),equal(,相等的，相同的,),、,equivalent(,相等的，相当的,),inferior(,劣等的，次的,),superior(,优越的，优良的,),等。这种结构表面上看来和比较无关，实际表示了某种比较,.,如,:,1)His work is comparable to the very best.,他的工作可与最优秀的相比。,2)Women should be equal to men.,男女应该平等。,3)This cloth is inferior to that one in many respects.,这种布料在很多方面不如那种。,8.As as,1.as A as B,这种句式的语义中心多在前面，故汉译时常译为：既,B,又,A,；又,B,又,A,；不但,B,而且,A,；,B,、,A,相同或一样。例如：,The problems are as trivial as they are numerous.,（问题又多又琐屑。）,The slogan is as hard to forget as it is easy to remember.,（这个口号不但好记而且难忘。）,This swimming pool is as wide as it is long.,（这个游泳,池长度和宽度相同。）,如果句子有转折意义时，可汉译为,B,但,A,。例如：,This course is as important as it is difficult for the students.,（这门课程对学生来说有难度，但却很重要。）,The news was as welcome as it was unexpected.,（消息来得突然，但受人欢迎。）,They are as foolish as they are young.,（他们年轻但愚蠢。）,以上数例全都是主系表结构的句子，,as,分句一般都用完全句式，而且分句的主语往往用代词来替代原主句的名词主语。现代英语的发展趋势是表达更加简洁，因而我们可以省略掉,as,分句中与主句相同的主语和系动词，如上一例句可以简化成：,They are as foolish as young.,2 Not/without so(much)A as B,“,not/without so much as”,结构,此结构表面看来和,as as,的否定式极为相似，实际上是风马牛不相及，而和,morethan,或,less.than,意义相同，表示一个主体两个属性之间的比较的结构，应译成“是,B,但不是,A”,、“与其说,不如说,”,或”不是,而是,”,，如,:,掌握 这 种 结构需要注意两点,:,1)not/without so much A as B,相当于,less A,Than B,，或,more B than A,not A,，,but rather B.,如,:,Experience shows that success is not so much,due to ability as to zeal.,Experience shows that success is less due to ability than to zeal.,Experience shows that success is not due to ability but rather than to zeal.,=Experience shows that success is more due to,Zeal than to ability.,1)Man is limited not so much by his tools as by his vision.,与其说是人受工具的制，不如说是受到视野的限制,.,2,）,This composition is not so(much)interesting as(it is)long.,（这篇作文长，但没什么趣味。）,经验 表 明，成 功与其说是由于能力，倒不如说是,由于热忱,.,9.,10.不用翻译为比较级的比较结构,higher education,高等教育,outer space,宇宙,higher animal,高等动物,the younger generation,年青的一代,better student,好学生,the older generation,老一代,又如：,(1)Well try and be more careful in future.,我们以后要小心,.,(2)If I cant go faster,leave me behind.,如果我走不快就把我甩下,.,