兰大化学专业英语课件.pptx

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,2021/10/3,#,化合物英文命名,Nomenclature of compounds,1,1/179,一 无机物命名 (,Inorganic compounds),1 元素与单质命名,“元素”和“单质”英文意思都是“element”，有时为了区分，在强调“单质”时可用“free element”。所以，单质英文名称与元素英文名称是一样。下面给出既是元素名称，同时又是单质名称。,2,2/179,S-block Element,IA,H,Hydrogen,Li Lithium,Na,Sodium,K,Potassium,Rb Rubidium,Cs Cesium,Fr Francium,IIA,Be Beryllium,Mg,Magnesium,Ca,Calcium,Sr Strontium,Ba Barium,Ra Radium,3,3/179,P-block Element,VIA VIIA 0,He Helium,O Oxygen F Fluorine Ne Neon,S Sulfur Cl Chlorine Ar Argon,Se Selenium Br Bromine Kr Krypton,Te Tellurium I Iodine Xe Xenon,Po Polonium At Astatine Rn Radon,IIIA IV A V A,B Boron C Carbon N Nitrogen,Al Aluminium Si Silicon P Phosphorus,Ga Gallium Ge Germanium As Arsenic,In Indium Sn Tin Sb Antimony,Tl Thallium Pb Lead Bi Bismuth,4,4/179,Common Transition Elememt,Fe:iron,Mn:manganese,Cu:copper,Zn:zinc,Hg:mercury,Ag:silver,Au:gold,5,5/179,2化合物命名,化合物命名次序都是依据化学式从左往右读，这与汉字读法次序是相反。表示原子个数时使用前缀,(1),mono-,(2)di-,(3)tri-,(4)tetra ,(5)penta-(6)hexa-,(7)hepta-,(8)octa-,(9)nona-,(10)deca-,不过在不会引发歧义时，这些前缀都尽可能被省去。,6,6/179,Naming metal ions(cations)for metal oxides,bases and salts,1.Single valence ions,Cations name=Element,for example:,Na,+,Sodium Al,3+,Aluminum,K,+,Potassium Ca,2+,Calcium,7,7/179,2.Multivalence ions,Cati,ons name=Element(N),For example:,Fe,2+,Iron(II)or Ferrous,Fe,3+,Iron(III)or Ferric,Cr,2+,Chromium(II),Cr,3+,Chromium(III),Mn,4+,Manganese(IV),Mn,2+,Manganese(II),8,8/179,对于有变价金属元素，除了可用前缀来表示以外，更 多采取罗马数字来表示金属氧化态，或用后缀,-ous,表示低价，,-ic,表示高价。,如 FeO:iron(II),oxide 或 ferrous oxide,Fe2O3:iron(III)oxide或ferric oxide,Cu2O:copper(I)oxide 或cuprous oxide,CuO:copper(II),oxide或cupric oxide,9,9/179,Naming nonmetal ions(anions),1.Monatomic anions,Anions name=Elements root-ide,For example:,Cl,-,Chloride O,=,Oxide,Br,-,Bromide OH,-,Hydroxide,I,-,Iodide CN,-,Cyanide,S,=,Sulfide H,-,Hydride,10,10/179,2.Polyatomic oxyanions,(1).Acid radicals for,normal salt,(,正酸根-ate),Anions name=Central Elements root,-ate,for example:,ClO,3,-,Chlor,ate,IO,3,-,Iod,ate,PO,4,3-,Phosph,ate,NO,3,-,Nitr,ate,SO,4,2-,Sulf,ate,CO,3,2-,Carbon,ate,11,11/179,(2).Acid radicals for,meta-salts(,亚酸根-ite),Anions name=Central elements root-,ite,for example:,ClO,2,-,Chlor,ite,IO,2,-,Iod,ite,PO,3,3-,Phosph,ite,NO,2,-,Nitr,ite,SO,3,2-,Sulf,ite,12,12/179,(3).Acid radicals for,hypo-salts(,次酸根-ite),Anions name,=,Hypo-,Central elements root,-ite,for example:,ClO,-,Hypo,chlor,ite,IO,-,Hypo,iod,ite,PO,2,3-,Hypo,phosph,ite,13,13/179,(4).Acid radicals for,persalts(,高酸根Per-ate),Anions name,=,Per-,central Elements root,-ate,for example:,ClO,4,-,Per,chlor,ate,IO,4,-,Per,iod,ate,MnO,4,-,Per,mangan,ate,14,14/179,Naming compounds,1.Metal oxide,Metal oxide=Cation+oxide,for example:,FeO Iron(II)oxide (Ferrous oxide),Fe,2,O,3,Iron(III)oxide (Ferric oxide),Fe,3,O,4,Ferroferric oxide,Pb,3,O,4,Trilead tetroxide,Na,2,O,2,Sodium peroxide,15,15/179,2.Nonmetal oxide,Nonmetal oxide=n-Nonmetal element+n-oxide,for example:,CO Carbon monoxide,CO,2,Carbon dioxide,SO,3,Sulfur trioxide,N,2,O,3,Dinitrogen trioxide,P,2,O,5,Diphosphorus pentoxide,N,2,O,4,Dinitrogen tetroxide,(tetra-,mono-后缀中a,o在后一o之前省去),有些物质惯用俗称,如NO:nitric oxide N,2,O:nitrous oxide,16,16/179,非金属氢化物,除了水和氨气使用俗称water，ammonia以外，其它非金属氢化物都用系统名称，命名规则依据化学式写法不一样而有所不一样。,（1）对于卤族和氧族氢化物，在化学式中写在前面，所以将其看成与另一元素二元化合物。,举例：HF hydrogen fluoride HCl hydrogen chloride,HBr hydrogen bromide HI hydrogen iodide,H,2,S hydrogen sulfide H,2,Se hydrogen selenide,H,2,Te hydrogen telluride,（2）对于其它族非金属氢化物，在化学式中写在后面，可加后缀,-,ane,，氮族还可加,-ine,举例：PH,3,:phosphine或phosphane AsH,3,:arsine或arsane,SbH,3,:stibine或stibane BiH,3,:bismuthane,CH,4,:methane SiH,4,:silane,B,2,H,6,:diborane,17,17/179,无氧酸,命名规则：,hydro-词根-icacid,举例：,HCl:hydrochloric acid,H,2,S:hydrosulfuric acid,18,18/179,3.Bases,Base=Metal cation,+hydroxide,for example:,Al(OH),3,Aluminum hydroxide,NaOH Sodium hydroxide,Ca(OH),2,Calcium hydroxide,Ba(OH),2,Barium hydroxide,Co(OH),2,Cobalt(II)hydroxide,19,19/179,4.盐(Salts),(1).,正盐(,Normal salt),：,依据化学式从左往右分别读出阳离子和阴离子名称。,Normal salt,=Cation+anion,for example:,HgSO,4,Mercury(II)sulfate,Hg,2,SO,4,Mercury(I)sulfate,KNO,3,Potassium nitrate,Na,2,CO,3,Sodium carbonate,NaClO Sodium hypochlorite,FeSO,4,iron(II)sulfate,KMnO,4,potassium permanganate,20,20/179,(2)酸式盐,：(Acidic salts)同正盐读法，酸根中读做hydrogen，氢原子个数用前缀表示。,Acidic salt=Cation,+hydrogen+,anion,for example:,NaHSO,4,Sodium,hydrogen,sulfate,Na,2,HPO,4,Disodium,hydrogen,phosphate,NaH,2,PO,4,Sodium di,hydrogen,phosphate,Ca(HSO,4,),2,Calcium,bi,sulfate,NaHCO,3,Sodium,hydrogen,carbonate,或 Sodium,bi,carbonate,21,21/179,(3).Basic salts,Basic salt=Cation,+hydroxy-,anion,for example:,Cu,2,(OH),2,CO,3,Dicopper(II)di,hydroxy,carbonate,Ca(OH)Cl Calcium,hydroxy,chloride,Mg(OH)PO,4,Magnesium,hydroxy,phosphate,22,22/179,(4).,复盐(,Mixed salts,),：同正盐读法。,Mixed salt=Cation+cation+anion,for example:,NaKSO,3,Sodium potassium sulfite,CaNH,4,PO,4,Calcium ammonium phosphate,AgLiCO,3,Silver lithium carbonate,NaNH,4,SO,4,Sodium ammonium sulfate,KNaCO,3,:potassuim sodium carbonateNaNH,4,HPO,4,:sodium ammonium hydrogenphosphate,23,23/179,5)水合盐,：结晶水读做water或hydrate,如 AlCl36H2O:aluminum chloride 6-water,或 aluminum chloride hexahydrate,AlK(SO4),2,12H2O:aluminium potassium sulfate 12-water,24,24/179,5.Acids,(1).Per-,hydro-,normal acid(its salt-,ate,-,ide,),Acid,=,Central elements root-,ic,+acid,for example:,H,2,CO,3,Carbon,ic,acid,H,2,SO,4,Sulfur,ic,acid,H,3,PO,4,Phosphor,ic,acid,HNO,3,Nitr,ic,acid,HClO,4,Perchlor,ic,acid,HCl Hydrochlor,ic,acid,25,25/179,(2).Meta-and hypo-acid(its salt-ite),Acid,=,Central elements root,-ous,+,acid,for example:,H,2,SO,3,Sulfur,ous,acid,H,3,PO,3,Phosphor,ous,acid,HNO,2,Nitr,ous,acid,HClO Hypochlor,ous,acid,HClO,2,Chlor,ous,acid,26,26/179,含氧酸与含氧酸根阴离子,采取前后缀不一样组合显示不一样价态含氧酸和含氧酸根阴离子，价态相同含氧酸及含氧酸根阴离子含有相同前缀，不一样后缀。,高某酸 per-ic 正酸 ic 亚酸-ous 次酸 hypo-ous,高某酸根 per-ate 正酸根 ate 亚酸根-ite 次酸根hypo-ite,其它前缀还有 ortho-正 meta-偏 thio-硫代,举例：HClO,4,perchloric acid ClO,4,-,perchlorate ion,HClO,3,chloric acid ClO,3,-,chlorate ion,HClO,2,chlorous acid ClO,2,-,chlorite ion,HClO hypochlorous acid ClO,-,hypochlorite ion,H,2,SO,4,sulfuric acid H,2,SO,3,sulfurous acid,HNO,3,nitric acid HNO,2,nitrous acid,HPO,3,metaphosphoric acid S,2,O,3,2-,thiosulfate ion,27,27/179,命名时先命名阳离子部分，最终命名阴离子部分，阴离子配体以字母次序列出，中心阳离子价态普通以罗马数字在名称后标出。,KBF4 potassium tetrafluoroborate(III),K4Fe(CN)6 potassium hexacyanoferrate(II),Cu(NH3)4SO4 Tetraamminecopper(II)sulfate,Co(H2O)2(NH3)2(CO2)NO3,Diammine diaquacarbonatocobalt(III)nitrate,络合物命名（,Naming coordination complex）,28,28/179,Naming coordination complex,1.Ligands,(1).,Negative ions as ligands,Ligand=Elements root,-o,for example:,CN,-,Cyano NO,2,-,Nitro,F,-,Fluoro NO,3,-,Nitrato,Cl,-,Chloro CO,3,=,Carbonato,Br,-,Bromo CH,3,COO,-,Acetato,O,=,Oxo H,-,Hydrido,OH,-,Hydroxo,-,O,2,CCO,2,-,Oxalato,29,29/179,(2).Neutral molecules as ligand,Ligand=Radical name,for example:,NH,3,Ammine,CO Carbonyl,H,2,O Aqua,CH,3,NH,2,Methylamine,H,2,NCCNH,2,Ethylenediamine,30,30/179,2.Complex ions,(1).Neutral complex or complex ions with,positive charge,Complex ion,=n-Ligand-metal ion(N),for example:,Ag(NH,3,),2,+,Diamminesilver(I),Cu(NH,3,),4,2+,Tetraamminecopper(II),Co(NH,3,),3,(NO,2,),3,Triamminetrinitrocobalt(III),31,31/179,ions,molecules,CN,-,cyano,H,2,O,aqua,OH,-,hydroxo,NH,3,ammine,CH,3,COO,-,acetato,CO,carbonyl,NO,3,-,nitrato,CH,3,NH,2,methylamine,NO,2,-,nitro,F,-,fluoro,Cl,-,chloro,Br,-,bromo,CO,3,2-,carbonato,常见配体名称,32,32/179,(2).Complex ions with negative charge,Complex ion,=n-Ligand-metals root-ate(N),for example:,Fe(CN),6,4-,Hexafluoroferrate(II),BF,4,-,Tetrafluoroborate(III),AlF,6,3-,Hexafluoroaluminate(III),AuCl,4,-,Tetrachloroaurate(III),33,33/179,3.Naming complex,Complex,=Cation+anion,for example:,LiAlH,4,Lithium tetrahydroaluminate(III),Ag(NH,3,),2,Cl Diamminesilver(I)chloride,K,4,Fe(CN),6,Potassium hexacyanoferrate(II),Cu(NH,3,),4,SO,4,Tetraamminecopper(II)sulfate,Ni(CO),4,Tetracarbonylnickel(0),34,34/179,Exercise,H,2,SO,4,HCl HNO,3,HNO,2,HCN Na,2,S CuSO,4,Fe(NO3),3,HClO,4,KCN NH,4,Cl NaClO,NaOH Mn(OH),2,Fe,2,O,3,P,2,O,5,H,2,O,2,K,2,Cr,2,O,7,Cu,2,(OH),2,CO,3,CaHPO,4,PtCl,4,2-,Ag(NH,3,),2,Cl K,4,Fe(CN),6,35,35/179,Exercise,H,2,SO,4,HCl HNO,3,HNO,2,HCN Na,2,S CuSO,4,Fe(NO3),3,HClO,4,KCN NH,4,Cl NaClO,NaOH Mn(OH),2,Fe,2,O,3,P,2,O,5,H,2,O,2,K,2,Cr,2,O,7,Cu,2,(OH),2,CO,3,CaHPO,4,PtCl,4,2-,Ag(NH,3,),2,Cl K,4,Fe(CN),6,36,36/179,Answer,H2SO4 sulfuric acid,HCl hydrogen chloride or hydrochloric acid,HNO3 nitric acid,HNO2 nitrous acid,HCN hydrogen cyanide or hydrocyanic acid,Na2S sodium sulfide,CuSO4 copper(II)sulfate or cupric sulfate,Fe(NO3)3 iron(III)nitrate or ferric nitrate,HClO4 perchloric acid,KCN potassium cyanide,NH4Cl ammonium chloride,37,37/179,NaClO sodium hypochlorite,NaOH sodium hydroxide,Mn(OH)2 Manganese(II)hydroxide,Fe2O3 iron(III)oxide or ferric oxide,P2O5 Diphosphorus pentoxide,H2O2 hydrogen peroxide,K2Cr2O7 potassium dichromate,Cu2(OH)2CO3 Dicopper(II)di,hydroxy,carbonate,CaHPO4 calcium hydrogen phosphate,PtCl4,2-,tetrachloroplatinum(II),Ag(NH3)2Cl Diamminesilver(I)chloride,K4Fe(CN)6 Potassium hexacyanoferrate(II),Answer,38,38/179,二 有机物命名,1 烷烃（alkanes）,1.1 直链烷烃,烃类化合物命名是有机命名基础。英文名称除了含1到4个碳原子以外，其余均用希腊文和拉丁文数词加上对应词尾（,-ane,）来命名，10个碳原子以上则在数词前加前缀,un、do、tri、tetra、penta,等。,如：甲烷 methane 乙烷 ethane 丙烷 propane,丁烷 butane 戊烷 pentane 己烷 hexane,庚烷 heptane 辛烷 octane 壬烷 nonane,癸烷 decane 十一烷 undecane 十二烷 dodecane,39,39/179,Alkane=Number prefix,-,ane,for example:,CH,4,Meth,ane,CH,3,CH,2,CH,3,Prop,ane,CH,3,CH,3,Eth,ane,CH,3,(CH,2,),2,CH,3,But,ane,CH,3,(CH,2,),3,CH,3,Pent,ane,CH,3,(CH,2,),4,CH,3,Hex,ane,CH,3,(CH,2,),5,CH,3,Hept,ane,CH,3,(CH,2,),6,CH,3,Oct,ane,CH,3,(CH,2,),7,CH,3,Non,ane,CH,3,(CH,2,),8,CH,3,Dec,ane,40,40/179,1119Alkane=Number prefix,-decane,for,example:,11-alkane Un,decane,12-alkane Do,decane,13-alkane Tri,decane,14-alkane Tetra,decane,15-alkane Penta,decane,16-alkane Hexa,decane,17-alkane Hepta,decane,41,41/179,18-alkane Octa,decane,19-alkane Nona,decane,20-alkane Icosane,2129 Alkane=Number prefix,-cosane,for example:,21-alkane Heni,cosane,22-alkane Do,cosane,23-alkane Tri,cosane,24-alkane Tetra,cosane,25-alkane Penta,cosane,42,42/179,30-Alkane Triacontane,3139Alkane,=,Number prefix,-triacontane,for example:31-Alkane Hen,triacontane,32-Alkane Do,triacontane,33-Alkane Tri,triacontane,34-Alkane Tetra,triacontane,35-Alkane penta,triacontane,36-Alkane Hexa,triacontane,43,43/179,4090Alkane=Number prefix,-contane,for example:,40 Alkane Tetra,contane,50 Alkane Penta,contane,60 Alkane Hexa,contane,70 Alkane Hepta,contane,80 Alkane Octa,contane,90 Alkane Nona,contane,100 Alkane Hectane,44,44/179,1.2,含支链烷烃和烷基,命名含,支链烷烃时,，可把它们视为直链烷烃，但分別是一些氢,（,hydrogen,）原子被称为烷基,（,alkyl groups,）原子取代。命名烷基时，只需把“基”（,-yl,）字加在对应烷烃字首后。,如：,CH,3,-Methyl CH,3,-(CH,2,),9,-CH,2,-Undecyl,CH,3,-CH,2,-CH(CH,3,)-CH,2,-CH,3,3-,Methylpentane,45,45/179,Univalent radicals,Radical=Alk,-yl,for example:,CH,3,-Meth,yl,CH,3,CH,2,-,Eth,yl,CH,3,CH,2,CH,2,-,Prop,yl,CH,3,(CH,2,),2,CH,2,-But,yl,46,46/179,Saturated branched-chain hydrocarbon,branched-chain hydrocarbon,=,n-,Radical+alkane,for example:,47,47/179,Univalent branched radicals,Radical=Alk,-yl,for example:,48,48/179,Polyside chain hydrocarbon,ButylEthylIsopropylMethylPropyl,for example:,49,49/179,对取代烷基也能够在对应烃名前加“异”,（iso-）、“仲”(sec-)、“叔”（tert-）、“新”（neo-,）,等字命名。下面是一些符合条件烷基，其系统命名和普通命名以下：,(CH,3,),2,CH-CH-2-Methylpropyl Isobutyl,CH,3,-CH,2,-CH(CH,3,)-1-Methylpropyl,sec,-Butyl,(CH,3,),3,C-1,1-Dimethylethyl,tert,-Butyl,CH,3,-CH,2,-C(CH,3,),2,-1,1-Dimethylpropyl,tert,-pentyl,(CH,3,),3,C-CH,2,-2,2-Dimethylpropyl Neopentyl,1.3 一些可采取普通命名支链烷烃：,(CH3)2CH-CH3 Isobutane,(CH3)2CH-CH2-CH3 Isopentane,(CH3)4C Neopentane,(CH3)2CH-CH2-CH2-CH3 Isohexane,50,50/179,1.4 复杂烷烃,结构较复杂烷烃不能用普通命名法命名，只能采取系统命名法。选最长碳链为主链，按对应直链烷烃命名，从一端向另一端编号，支链作为取代基放在母体名称前，编号时使支链编号尽可能小且支链排列按基团字母次序。,如:,3-Ethyl-2-methylhexane,4-ethyl-3,3-dimethylheptane,51,51/179,复杂烷烃命名时须注意分子中有两个等长碳链时，按以下标准进行比较：,1）带支链数目较多者为主链，比如：,2,3,5-Trimethyl-4-propylheptane,2）支链定位号较小者为主链,4-Isobutyl-2,5-dimethylheptane,52,52/179,2 烯烃和炔烃（alkenes and alkynes）,2.1 命名,烯烃和炔烃命名时将对应烷烃词尾“烷”,（ane）,改为“烯”,（ene）,或“炔”,（yne）,，名称前加上不饱和键编号即可。当所带双键或叁键不止一个时，可在前边加上di、tri、tetra等数字来表示。有些简单烯炔类化合物可用普通名称。比如：,CH,2,=CH,2,Ethene,CH,2,=CHCH,2,CH,2,CH,3,1-Pentene,CH,2,=C=CH,2,1,2-Propadiene,Ethyne,1,3-Butadiyne,53,53/179,Naming unsaturated hydrocarbon,2.1 Unbranched acyclic alkene,Alkene=Number prefix,-ene,for example:,C-C-C-C=C-C 2-Hex,ene,C-C=C Prop,ene,C-C=C-C 2-But,ene,C-C-C-C=C 1-Pent,ene,54,54/179,Poly-ene,n-Alkene,=,Alk,-a-,n,-,ene,n=2,-adiene,n=3,-atriene,n=4,-atetraene,for example:,C-C=C-C=C-C=C 1,3,5-Heptatriene,C=C-C=C 1,3-Butadiene,C-C=C-C=C 1,3-Pentadiene,55,55/179,56,56/179,Alkyne,Alkyne,=Alk-,yne(,-a-,n,-,yne),n=2,-adiyne,n=3,-atriyne,for exanmple:,57,57/179,2.2 烯炔命名,烃类分子中同时含有双键和叁键时成为烯炔，命名时烯在前炔在后，双键编号写在前面，叁键定位号写在表示炔烃词尾之前。比如：,1,3-Hexadien-5-yne,3-Penten-1-yne,58,58/179,Unsaturated hydrocarbon with both double and triple bonds,Alkenyne=Number prefix-en-yne,Two ene+one yne -adien-?-yne,Three ene+one yne -atrien-?-yne,One ene+two yne -en-?-diyne,for example:,59,59/179,60,60/179,系统命名中，应选含不饱和键最多且最长直链。如分子中有两条直链含有相同数目标不饱和键时，取碳原子数较多者为主链。如碳原子数相同，则取含双键数目较多者为主链。比如:,3,4-Dipropyl-1,3-hexadien-5-yne,4-Vinyl-1-hepten-5-yne,5-Ethynyl-1,3,6-heptatriene,61,61/179,2.3 不饱和烃基命名,不饱和烃基命名类似于饱和烃基，但需要标出不饱和键位置。有些简单不饱和烃基可用俗名。比如:,CH,3,-CH=CH-1-Propenyl,CH,2,=CH-CH=CH-1,3-Butadienyl,CH,2,=CH-Vinyl Ethynyl,CH,2,=CH-CH,2,-Allyl CH,2,=C(CH,3,)-Isopropenyl,2-Propynyl,2-Penten-4-ynyl,Alkene radical=Alken,-yl,Alkyne radical=Alkyn,-yl,62,62/179,Alkene radical=Alken,-yl,Alkyne radical=Alkyn,-yl,for example:,63,63/179,2.4 多价基命名,1)两个自由价在同一个碳原子上称为“亚”，英文词尾为“-ylidene”.比如：,CH,2,=Methylene CH,3,CH=Ethylidene,(CH,3,),2,C=Isopropylidene,2)两个自由价不在同一个碳原子上也称为“亚”，但需要标出定位号。比如：,-CH,2,CH,2,CH,2,CH,2,CH,2,CH,2,-Hexamethylene,3)三个自由价在同一个碳原子上称为次基，英文词尾为-ylidyne。比如：,Ethylidyne Methylidyne,64,64/179,Multivalent radicals,Bivalent radical=univalent radical-,idene(ene),Trivalent radical=univalent radical-,idyne,for example:,65,65/179,.,66,66/179,3 环烃(cyclic hydrocarbons),3.1 脂肪环烃(alicyclic hydrocarbons),3.1.1 未取代饱和单环烃命名时刻在对应开链烃名前加“环”（cyclo）字。比如：,Cyclopropane,Cyclohexane,67,67/179,Saturated monocyclic hydrocarbons,Cyclic,alkane=,Cyclo-,alkane,for example:,68,68/179,3.1.2 含取代基脂肪环烃,环上带有侧链时，如侧链碳原子数不比环内碳原子数多，侧链作为取代基。如侧链碳原子数目等于或多于环内碳原子数，或侧链有不止一个脂环时，则将环作为取代基命名。比如：,1-Ethyl-3-methylcyclopentane,1-Cyclobutylpentane,1,2-Dicyclohexylethane,69,69/179,Univalent radicals of cyclic hydrocarbon,Cyclic radical=Cyclo-R,for example:,70,70/179,3.1.3 不饱和单环烃命名,不饱和单环烃命名是把对应饱和单环烃词尾ane改为,ene（烯）、yne（炔）、adiene（二烯）、adiyne（二炔）、enyne（烯炔）等，并使不饱和键尽可能取最小编号。比如：,1,5-Cyclooctadien-3-yne,5-Methylene-1,3-cyclopentadiene,71,71/179,Unsaturated monocyclic hydrocarbons,Cyclic,alkene=,Cyclo,-alkene,for example:,72,72/179,4 桥环烃(bridgedhydrocarbons),桥环烃命名按以下步骤进行,1）确定环数，将环状分子变为开链烃时所需要断开次数就是该分子环数。,2）选择主环,主环应包含尽可能多碳原子，且有两个碳原子作为主桥桥头。,3）选择主桥,主桥要包含尽可能多碳原子，且尽可能把主环对称分开。,4）桥环烃编号 桥头原子定为1，然后沿最长链依次编号至另一桥头，再沿次长链编至1号碳原子，再编主桥和次桥内碳原子直至编完。,5）将相当于桥环烃全部环上碳原子总数直链烃名放在后面。,6)在最前面，标出环数，如双环Bicyclo,三环Tricyclo。然后在方括号内标明各个环中除桥头原子以外碳原子数目，最终标明主桥及次桥，并用上标来表明次桥位置，标明次桥位置上应尽可能小。,73,73/179,Bicyclic bridged hydrocarbon,74,74/179,Polycyclic systems