功能语言学导论.ppt

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level,*,一、引言：形式和功能,鸟喙的形状是鸟类随着时间的推移，逐渐适应环境的一个典型例子。,鸟类的喙主要用来获取食物,捕食、叼住、撕咬以及从水中过滤食物，有时也用于攀登、修饰、争斗和筑巢。,1,鸟喙,每种鸟的捕食习惯都与它们喙的形状和大小有着直接的关系。,鸟喙的多样化使得它们适合吃不同的生物，,2,红牡丹鹦鹉喙短钝，先端具利钩，利于剥食种子,。,金背啄木鸟喙凿状，,啄食,昆虫,3,鸟喙,工具及其用途,仿生学（,bionics,）,语言学中的形式主义和功能主义,形式和功能,6,7,8,二、语言学中的形式主义和功能主义,There are many ways of describing the grammar of a language.,Formal approach,sees grammar as a set of rules which specify all the possible grammatical structures of the language.,Grammatical vs.ungrammatical sentences.,Their primary concern is with the forms of grammatical structures and their relationship to one another,rather than with their meanings or their uses in different contexts.,Passive vs.active,9,二、语言学中的形式主义和功能主义,Formalism:,Language should be examined as an autonomous subject.,Linguistic structure can be investigated entirely in its own terms without taking into account the use to which it is put.,10,二、语言学中的形式主义和功能主义,Functionalism,Language is not a self-sufficient entity,but that it has an essentially instrumental character.,It is used in and indeed to serve human interaction.,Active vs.Passive,11,二、语言学中的形式主义和功能主义,Functional approach,sees language as a system of communication and analyzes grammar to discover how it is organized to make and exchanges meaning.,Appropriateness,The primary concern is with the,functions,of structures and their constituents and with their,meanings,in,context,.,12,二、语言学中的形式主义和功能主义,Functional linguistics studies language in use.,Langue vs.Parole,Competence vs.Performance,Methodology,Functionalism:external,corpus-based,inductive;,Formalism:internal,speculation,intuition-driven,Intra-organism vs.inter-organism.,13,二、语言学中的形式主义和功能主义,Formalism:,Sapir,Bloomfield:the structuralist school,Chomsky:generative grammar,Functionalism:,Hjelmslev:,The Prague School,Firth and the London School,Sidney Lamb,Pike and tagmemics,14,二、功能语言学的主要流派：欧洲,Prague School:V.Mathesius,R.Jackobson,Trubetskoy,FSP,Theme and Rheme,New and Old information,London School:Firth,，,Robins,Halliday,Haas,Palmer,Hudson,Lyons.,Firth,collocation,system and structure,15,二、功能语言学的主要流派：欧洲,Collocation,“You shall judge a word by the company it keeps.”,Context,Situational context,:,The speaker and hearer,The actions they are performing at the time,Various external objects and events,Deictic features,Linguistic Context,16,二、功能语言学的主要流派：欧洲,Copenhagen School,Hjelmslev,Two levels:expression plane vs.content plane,French School:Martinet(two principles:economy and,realism,),Kristeva,(,intertextuality,),Dutch School:Simon,Dik,Russian School:,Bakhtin,theory of,heterogloss,17,二、功能语言学的主要流派：美国,18,二、功能语言学的主要流派：美国,Discourse grammar,：,Chafe(,Giveness,Contrastivenss,Definiteness,Subjects,Topics and Points of View),Princes information theory,Sandra A.Thompson:,主语突出性语言和主题突出性语言,Thompson and Mann:,Rhetoric,structure,theory,Talmy,Givon,Peter Fries,19,2.Main schools in functional linguistics,修辞结构理论，该理论是由,William C.Mann,和,Sandra A.Thompson,提出的，用于描写篇章的功能和结构的理论。这些功能和结构使语篇成为人类交际的有效的和可理解的工具。他们认为，语篇结构的研究需考虑在语篇范围内、以某种方式相联系的各个部分及其关系。其基本假设包括：,卫道真：,篇章语言学,，中国社会科学出版社，,2002,1),篇章是由功能明显的各个部分组成的,;,2),语篇既具整体性又具连续性，因为篇章中所有的部分都是为作者的某个目的服务的,;,3),某个语篇的基本成分组成了较大的单位，这个较大的单位组成更大的单位，这样，整个篇章便形成了等级,;,卫道真：,篇章语言学,，中国社会科学出版社，,2002,4,）同样的功能概念描写适合于各个层次；,5,）一套小的、有限的、循环率很高的，存在于语篇的各个对子之间的各种关系，把各个部分组织起来，形成更大的单位。,6,）最常见的语篇结构关系的类型是不对称的、核心成分,-,卫星成分关系。这对关系中一个成分占据中心的地位，称为核心成分，另一成分居于较为外围的地位，成为卫星成分；等等（,见,卫道真,2002,：,87-89,）。,二、功能语言学的主要流派：美国,Tagmemics:Pike,Cognitive grammar:Langacker,Lakoff,Johnson,Language typology:Greenberg,Comrie,Croft,Word order,adposition and OV,NDem,NRel,23,这种蕴含共性的级差是有其解剖学依据的。光线的不同波长对应不同的颜色，并在人的视觉系统中引自不同的反应。黑白两种颜色对比最鲜明，对人的视觉系统的刺激最为明显，红色引起的刺激反应次之，再次之的是绿色或黄色，等等。世界诸语言中颜色词呈现这种级差分布是人们的视觉神经系统的工作原理决定的。,System and Structure,王冕,（七岁上）,死了,父亲,他,可怜的孩子,王冕的父亲死了。,25,三、系统功能语言学,Halliday,（,Systemic Functional Linguistics,）,Meaning and form,choice is meaning,I love(,d,)him.,She is my girl friend.,Is,or,was,？,He/she/it(when referring to a pet/animal),26,三、系统功能语言学,1927,年,10,月,3,日，许广平和鲁迅在上海开始,共同生活,。,小学生阅读材料,“,(,民国,),十六年，与番禹许广平女士,同居,。”,许广平,据调查，某村去年就有对未婚青年，在双双外出打工期间,非法同居,，生了孩子后才回乡领取结婚证，举行婚礼。,27,Cheney Hunting Accident,Feb.11 2006,Cheney shot Whittington(by accident).,Cheney:,Ultimately Im the guy who pulled the trigger that fired the round that hit Harry.,Bush:,He heard a bird flush,and he turned and pulled the trigger and saw his friend get wounded.,28,三、系统功能语言学,System,Context,Function,Structure,Stratification,29,三、系统功能语言学：系统,A system is a set of options with an entry condition:that is to say,a set of things of which one must be chosen,together with a statement of the conditions under which the choice is available.(Halliday 1976:3),It is the system that formalizes the notion of choice in language.(ibid),30,三、系统功能语言学：系统,31,The System of 2,nd,Person in Chinese,32,The System of 3,rd,Person in Chinese,33,性别,gender,第三人称,third person,数,number,阳性,(masc.),阴性,(fem.),中性,(neut.),复数,(plur.),单数,(sing.),三、系统功能语言学：功能,Experiential function,Interpersonal function,Textual function,He broke the window yesterday.,34,Structure,三、系统功能语言学,：结构,35,三、系统功能语言学：三种主语,Logical subject:,He broke the window,The window was broken by him,Grammatical subject,Psychological subject,36,三、系统功能语言学：层次,Context of culture:genre,Context of situation:register,Context of co-text:lexico-grammar,Sound/Writing,37,38,expression:,phonetics,expression:,phonology,content:,lexico-grammar,content:,semantics,context,Stratification(from H&M 2004:25),39,四、功能语言学的应用,Discourse analysis,Stylistics,Language learning/teaching,Critical discourse analysis,Contrastive linguistics,typology,translation,Language description,40,Discourse Analysis,It(IFG)was being written specifically for those who are studying grammar for purposes of text analysis,(IFG:f36),The aim has been to construct a grammar for purposes of text analysis:one that would make it possible to say sensible and useful things about any text,spoken or written in modern English.(ibid:f41),41,IFG:f42,The current preoccupation is with discourse analysis,or“text linguistics”,and it is sometimes assumed that this can be carried on without grammar or even that it is somehow an alternative to grammar.But this is an illusion.A discourse analysis that is not based on grammar is not an analysis at all,but simply a running commentary on a text,42,IFG:F41,In any piece of discourse analysis,there are always two possible levels of achievement to aim at:,One is a contribution to the understanding of the text,The higher level achievement is a contribution to the evaluation of the text:the linguistic analysis may enable one to say what the text is,or is not,an effective text for its own purposes.,43,Unit 4 Closing Door on a Home,新编综合英语（3）,Over the next seven years,they little house became a home,as they filled every room with memories,Everything,elicit memory,In a corner of the second bedroom,their child said her first word.,The front door,painted red for good luck.,The window,where their now 3-year-old daughter,Lily,waved goodbye to her father every morning and waited for him every night.,44,Everywhere,she turns,she cant help but see moments from the past.,There,is the spot under the red maple tree where Tommy and Lily sat on summer evenings and watched the wind in the leaves.,Here,is the side yard where,after Beths father dies,she planted garden in his memory.,45,五、功能语言学与语篇分析,Experiential function,Six process types,Material,Mental,Relational,Verbal,Behavioral,Existential,46,Linguistic Function and Literary Style:An Inquiry into the Language of William Goldings,The Inheritors,47,In our interpretation,someone held up a bow and drew it.,In Loks interpretation,a stick rose upright,and,began to grow shorter at both ends.,it,shot,out to full length again,The dead tree by Loks ear,acquired,a voice,4.1,经验功能,5.1,经验功能,5.1,经验功能,Shaka:King of the Zulu,If his warriors could not run 50 miles a day,they died,;if they were unable to dance barefoot on a carpet of jungle thorns,they died,;,They died,They would be killed by his slayers.,Dont move,or you die,48,Judy Brady:,Why I Want a Wife,I want a wife who will take care of the details of my social life.When my wife and I are invited out by my friends,I want a wife who will take care of the baby-sitting arrangements.When I meet people at school that I like and want to entertain,I want a wife who will have the house clean,will prepare a special meal,serve it to me and my friends,and not interrupt when I talk about things that interest me and my friends.I want a wife who will have arranged that the children are fed and ready for bed before my guests arrive so that the children do not bother us.I want a wife who takes care of the needs of my guests so that they feel comfortable,who makes sure that they have an ashtray,that they are passed the hors doeuvres,that they are offered a second helping of the food,that their wine glasses are replenished when necessary,that their coffee is served to them as they like it.And I want a wife who knows that sometimes I need a night out by myself.,49,I want a wife who will take care of the details of my social life.When my wife and I are invited out by my friends,I want a wife who will take care of the baby-sitting arrangements.When I meet people at school that I like and want to entertain,I want a wife who will have the house clean,will prepare a special meal,serve it to me and my friends,and not interrupt when I talk about things that interest me and my friends.I want a wife who will have arranged that the children are fed and ready for bed before my guests arrive so that the children do not bother us.,I want a wife who takes care of the needs of my guests so that they feel comfortable,who makes sure that they have an ashtray,that they are passed the hors doeuvres,that they are offered a second helping of the food,that their wine glasses are replenished when necessary,that their coffee is served to them as they like it.,And I want a wife who knows that sometimes I need a night out by myself.,50,I want a wife who takes care of the needs of my guests so that they feel comfortable,who makes sure that they have an ashtray,that they are passed the hors doeuvres,that they are offered a second helping of the food,that their wine glasses are replenished when necessary,that their coffee is served to them as they like it.,51,I want a wife to be invisible,鸟宿池边树，,僧,月下门。,文字上的“推敲”实际上是意义的推敲。,52,推,敲,5.2,人际功能,Interpersonal function,Speaker expresses his/her attitude to or opinion about the proposition or proposal.,John is at home.,John is certainly at home.,53,5.2,人际功能,Yes,No,John is at home.,John is certainly at home.,John is probably at home.,John may/may not be at home.,John is certainly not at home.,John is not at home.,54,5.2,人际功能,Unit 10 Keep Class 2 under Your Thumb,I managed to make out that mixed up with these giants was a certain amount of furniture.There were,certainly,fights going on;and,I believe,one desk was chasing another.,I cant recall much in particular what they were doing;indeed,that was the worst of it that these improprieties couldnt be nailed down.,5.2,人际功能,May I come in?,Do you allow me to come in?,Can I help you?,What do you want?,I think,we are lost,are we?,56,汉语中的情态系统,*,这个可以有。,这个可能有。,57,Some Subject Variation Devices,58,It,was reported,that,It,is said that a girl is not eligible for marriage until she can cook a perfect bowl of rice.,It,is,possible that a failure to distinguish between the two sexes can explain the lack of agreement.,There,should be another one like this.,There,are a lot of discussion about what will happen next.,the so-called dummy subject,婵娟骂宋玉,“你是没有骨气的文人！”,“你这没有骨气的文人！”,郭沫若剧本,朱光潜,咬文嚼字,59,5.3,语篇功能,Thematic structure,Information structure,Cohesion,Halliday and Hasan.1976.,Cohesion in English,the,this,that,60,5.3,语篇功能,61,Theme,Rheme,Here,the Greek man can spend hours over a small cup of coffee,The Greek man,can spend hours over a small cup of coffee here,It took the Greek man hours,to drink a small cup of coffee here,Hours,can be spent over a small cup of coffee here,Over a small cup of coffee,the Greek man can spend hours here,5.3,语篇功能,62,The coffee,house serves as a home away from home.,Here the Greek man can spend hours over a small cup of coffee,5.3,语篇功能,63,The coffee house,serves as a home away from home.,Here,the Greek man can spend hours over a small cup of coffee,5.3,语篇功能,There are a number of syntactic strategies which are usually employed to package the information so that certain element may be presented as New,hence it may gains focal prominence.,voice selection,clefting,there,-existential,Extraposition,postponement,64,“把”字句,“被”字句,存现句,连动句,兼语式,5.3,语篇功能,Somebody has just handed me a slip of paper.,I have just been handed a slip of paper.,A slip of paper has just been handed to me.,65,4.3,语篇功能,My own business happens to be with the use of words but I see I must now stop using them.,I have just been handed a slip of paper,to say that somebody is waiting to speak to me on the telephone.I think I had better answer it.,66,4.3,语篇功能,My own business happens to be with the use of words but I see I must now stop using them.,I have just been handed a slip of paper,to say that somebody is waiting to speak to me on the telephone.I think I had better answer it.,67,客人来了,vs.,来了客人,这个三代五口之家挤住在一间只有平方米的小屋里，,客人来了,竟无法立足。,巴金平常很少参加这种闲谈，他总是一个人在楼上工作。到了吃饭或,来了客人,时才叫他下来。,68,客人来了,vs.,来了客人,这个三代五口之家挤住在一间只有平方米的小屋里，,客人来了,竟无法立足。,巴金平常很少参加这种闲谈，他总是一个人在楼上工作。到了吃饭或,来了客人,时才叫他下来。,来人啦！,69,4.3,语篇功能,二诸葛老婆追出门来，二诸葛把她拉回去，二诸葛老婆还骂个不停。,二诸葛老婆追出门来，被二诸葛拉回去，还骂个不停。,赵树理,小二黑结婚,修辞学习,1991/3,（王殿珍：,1991,）,70,结论,形式和功能之间的必然联系。,通过功能解释形式,动因,71,Thank You!,72,