英语语言学期末复习1.doc

期末考试语言学复习范围
2：名词解释复习范围 language，speech community, bilingualism, semantics, context, locutionary act, language acquisition, phonology, psycholinguistics, langue, phoneme, culture, intercultural communication, linguistics, phonetics, competence，interlanguage, neurolinguistics, sense, morphology
3：术语翻译都选自教材最后的glossary；
4：简答题复习范围 （主要限定在第一章、第五章、第六章、和第十章）
1. Is modern linguistics mainly synchronic or diachronic? Why?
2. What are the major branches of linguistics? What does each of them study?
3. What makes modern linguistics different from traditional grammar?
4. What is sense and what is reference? How are they related?
5. What does pragmatics study? How does it differ from traditional semantics?
6. According to Austin, what are the three acts a person is possibly performing while making an utterance? Give an example.
7. What are the three variables that determine register? Interpret them with an example.
8. In what way is componential analysis similar to the analysis of phonemes into distinctive features?
9. What are the major types of synonyms in English?
10. What are the five design features of language specified by C. Hockeet to show that human language is essentially different from any animal communication system?
11. What are the four major views concerning the study of meaning?
12. Why is the notion of context essential in the pragmatic study of linguistic communication?
13. What are the four maxims of the Cooperative Principle (CP)? List their names and explain them briefly.
14. To what extent is second language learning similar to first language learning? Can you list some proof from your own learning experience?
15. What is the Critical Period Hypothesis (CPH) concerning language acquisition?
16. Explain the definition：“Linguistics is the scientific study of language”.
17. What are suprasegmental features? Use examples to illustrate your points.
18. What is grammaticality? Is a grammatically meaningful sentence necessarily a semantically meaningful sentence?
19. How are “sentence” and “utterance” and “sentence meaning” and “utterance meaning” related and how do they differ?
20. What distinction, if any, can you draw between bilingualism and diglossia?
Ⅰ.For each question, there is only ONE correct answer. Choose the one from A, B, C and D.
1. Displacement benefits human beings by giving them the power to handle____
A. arbitrariness and creativity B. generalizations and abstractions C. interpersonal relationship D. performative functions
2. Using language for the sheer joy of using it shows that language has a ____ function.
A. recreational B. metalingual C. informative D. performative
3. According to_____, the task of a linguist is to determine from the data of performance the underlying system of rules that has been mastered by the language user.
A. Roman Jacobson B. Leonard Bloomfield C. Kenneth Pike D. Noam Chomsky
4. Whose Cardinal Vowel system is still in use?
A. A.J. Ellis B. A.M. Bell C. Daniel Jones D. A. C. Gimson
5. Which of the following words involves“nasalization”?
A. rap B. read C. rose D. running
6. Which of the following words is likely to have stress in sentences?
A. a B. and C. to D. sun
7. “_______” is the abstract unit underlying the smallest unit in the lexical system of a language.
A. Word B. Lexeme C. Morpheme D. Vocabulary
8. Word Class is known as in traditional grammar as _______.
A. Construction B. parts of speech C. inflection D. categories
9. Which of the following are NOT prefixes?
A. para B. dis C. ir D. ion
10._________is NOT included in the studies of traditional grammar.
A. Classifying words into parts of speech B. Defining the properties of sentences
C. Identifying the functions of words D. Recognizing certain categories, like number and tense
11. “Concord” has the same meaning as_____
A. perfective B. progressive C. agreement D. government
12. Which of the following is NOT related to Noam Chomsky?
A. Deep Structure B. Surface Structure C. Transformational Component D. Theme and Rheme
13. The “semantic triangle” was proposed by______
A. Plato and Aristotle B. Ogden and Richards C. Chomsky and Halle D. Leech and Palmer
14. Which of the following are NOT converse antonyms?
A. clever: stupid B. boy: girl C. give: receive D. teacher: student
15. “ I can refer to Confucius even though he was dead 2000 years ago.” This shows that language has the design feature of ________
A. arbitrariness B. creativity C. Duality D. Displacement
16. “Don’t end a sentence with a preposition.” This is an example of _____ rules.
A. prescriptive B. descriptive C. transformational D. functional
17. According to G.B. Shaw’s ridicule of English orthography, the non-existed word ghoti can be pronounced in the same way as______
A. goat B. hot C. fish D. floor
18. Which of the following is the correct description of [v]?
A. voiceless labiodental fricative B. voiced labiodental fricative
C. voiceless labiodental stop D. voiced labiodental stop
19. “New elements are not to be inserted into a word even though there are several parts in a word.” This is known as ________
A. uninterruptibility B. stability C. extremity D. variability
20. Which of the following word class is the closed-class?
A preposition B. adverb C. adjective D. noun
21. Which of the following are NOT suffixes
A. in B. ise C. ly D. ful
22. Traditional grammar sees a sentence as _________
A. a sequence of morphemes B. a sequence of clauses C. a sequence of words D. a sequence of phrases
23. _________meaning is concerned with the relationship between a word and the thing it refers to.
A. Connotative B. Denotative C. Affective D. Reflective
24. Which of the following are gradable antonyms?
A. good---bad B. male----female C. alive----dead D. buy-----sell
25. The fact that sounds are used to refer to the same object in different languages proves the ________of language.
A. duality B. creativity C. arbitrariness D. displacement
26. Which of the following are correct descriptions of Langue and Parole?
A. It was Chomsky that distinguished langue from parole.
B. It was Martin Joo that distinguished langue from parole.
C. Langue constitutes the immediately accessible data.
D. The linguist’s proper object is the langue of each community.
27. The distinction between vowels and consonants lies in ________.
A. the manners of articulation B. the places of articulation
C. the position of the soft palate D. the obstruction of airstream
28. When the different forms, such as tin and din, are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two sound combinations are said to form_______
A. allophones B. a minimal pair C. a maximal pair D. phonemes
29. The process of word formation in which a verb, for example, blacken, is formed by adding –en to the adjective black, is called_____
A. inflection B. derivation C. compound D. backformation
30. The sense relation between rose and flower is _________
A. synonym B. polysemy C. hyponymy D. homonymy
31.Which of the following are NOT instances of blending?
A. transistor B. classroom C. boatel D. brunch
32. The one that is NOT one of the suprasegmental features is ________
A. syllable B. stress C. coarticulation D. intonation
33. What the element”-es” indicates is third person singular, present tense, and the element “-ed” past tense, and “-ing” progressive aspect. Since they are the smallest unity of language and meaningful, they are also called_______
A. phonemes B. phones C. allophones D. morphemes
34. The term“_______”in linguistics may be defined as a　way of referring to the approach which studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages.
A. synchronic B. diachronic C. comparative D. historical comparative
35. Since early 1990s, Noam Chomsky and other generative linguists proposed and developed a theory of universal grammar known as the _______theory
A. speech act B. TG C. minimalist program D. principles-and- parameters
II Decide whether the following statements are true(T) or false (F) .
1. Arbitrariness means you can use languages in any way you like.（F）
2. “Radar” is an invented word.(F)
3. The consonant [x] existed in Old English.(T)
4. Today, we normally say that English has two tenses: present and past.(T)
5. Leech’s conceptual meaning has two sides: sense and reference.(T)
6. Historical linguistics is a synchronic study of language.(F)
7. A good method to determine the phonemes in a language is the Minimal Pairs Test.(T)
8. Phonology is concerned with speech production and speech perception.(F)
9. Leech uses the term “connotative” in the same sense as that in philosophical discussion.(F)
10. Duality is the physical manifestation of the “ infinite use of finite terms”(T)
11. The idea of a system of cardinal vowels was first suggested by Danniel Jones.(T)
12. Word is the smallest unit of meaning which can constitute, by itself, a complete utterance.(T)
Ⅲ. Fill in each blank with ONE word.
1. There are two aspects to meaning: denotation and connotation .
2. Phonology is the branch of theoretical linguistics concerned with speech sounds at a higher level than Pholotics i.e. their structure and organization in human languages.
3. The fact that a word may have more than one meaning is called___ in semantics.
4. There are at least 4 design features of language: Arbitrariness, , __________, and ___________
5 Relational antonyms are pairs in which one describes a relationship between two objects and the other describes the same relationship when the two objects are reversed, such as parent and child, teacher and student.
6 antonyms are pairs that express absolute opposites, like mortal and immortal.
7. F.de Saussure , founder of modern linguistics, taught linguistics in Geneva University during 1907-1911. His theory has put great influence on semiotics, humanities study and literary studies.
8. Lexical semantics is concerned with the meanings of words and the meaning among words; and phrasal or semantics is concerned with the meaning of syntactic units larger than the word.
9. Reference theory in semantics holds the viewpoint that there is a___direct__ relation between forms of language and those the relevant language forms refer to.
10.Nominalism refers to the idea that there is no conventional relation or link between the words that people choose and the objects that the words refer to. That is to say, language is .
11. Complementery antonyms are pairs that express absolute opposites, like mortal and immortal.
12. 荀子（约公元前298～前238）在 《正名篇》中说，“名无固宜，约之以命。约定俗成谓之宜，异于约则谓之不宜。”这里正确地指出，语言有社会性，事物的名称不决定于它的本质属性，而决定于社会习惯。（用汉语做答）
13 Displacement means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication.
14. Phoneme is the smallest linguistic unit of sound that can signal a difference in meaning.
15. Phonology is concerned with the linguistic patterning of sounds in human languages, with its primary aim being to discover the principles that govern the way sounds are organized in languages, and to explain the variations that occur.
Ⅳ. Decide the relations of the following pairs.(不考)
1. Conceal – Hide ( ) A. Hyponymy B. Antonymy C. Synonymy D. Incompatibility
2. Tulip – Flower ( ) A. Hyponymy B. Antonymy C. Synonymy D. Incompatibility
3. Buy – Sell ( ) A. Hyponymy B. Antonymy C. Synonymy D. Incompatibility
4. Fall – Autumn ( ) A. Hyponymy B. Antonymy C. Synonymy D. Incompatibility
5. Cat – Dog ( ) A. Hyponymy B. Antonymy C. Synonymy D. Incompatibility
6. Sow – Pig ( ) A. Hyponymy B. Antonymy C. Synonymy D. Incompatibility
7. Easy – Difficult ( ) A. Hyponymy B. Antonymy C. Synonymy D. Incompatibility
8. True – False ( ) A. Hyponymy B. Antonymy C. Synonymy D. Incompatibility
9. Stubborn – Obstinate ( ) A. Hyponymy B. Antonymy C. Synonymy D. Incompatibility
10. Monday – Friday ( ) A. Hyponymy B. Antonymy C. Synonymy D. Incompatibility
Ⅵ Explain the following terms.
Morpheme the smallest unit in terms of relationship between expression and content, the minimal unit of meaning, such as；free morpheme, bound morpheme, stem and root. The smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content, a unit that cannot be further divided into smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical.
Syntax it is a branch of linguistics that how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences, Syntax is about principles of forming and understanding correct sentences. The form or structure of a sentence is governed by the rules of syntax, which specify word order, sentence organization, and the relationships between words, word classes and other sentence elements.
interpersonal function Language serves an interpersonal function when it is used to establish and maintain their status in a society.Five sub-categories of interpersonal function: performative, directive, emotive, expressive, and phatic.enacts social relationships (through mood and modality)
syntagmatic relation the semantic triangle
Displacement design features that make human language different from animal communication system:
Hyponymy Affricate Narrow Transcription Gradable Antonym
Back-formation Word-formation through lexical changediagnose < diagnosis ，enthuse < enthusiasm ，laze < lazy，liaise < liaison ，reminisce < reminiscence ，statistic < statistics ，televise < television
Semantics Definition: A study of the meaning of linguistic units, words and sentences in particular. Its goal i