耕整地机械实验.doc

耕整地机械实验

　　　(一)实验目的
掌握耕整地机械的类型、组成部件、各部件的作用和工作原理；了解不同类型犁和耕深调节过程；了解圆盘耙的耙深工作方式。
　　 (二)实验仪器设备
深耕牵引三铧犁、悬挂式两铧犁、悬挂式三铧犁、双铧反转犁、悬挂式旋耕机、十八片悬挂缺口耙、牵引式圆盘耙、牵引式镇压器等
　　 (三)验内容和步骤
1．介绍犁体曲面的类型及其翻垡特点，了解犁体的组成部分
犁体曲面，根据其工作性能可分为熟地型、半螺旋型和螺旋型。熟地型是应用最普通的一种，其犁胸部较陡，翼部扭曲较小，碎土性能好，翻上能力差，适于耕熟地。螺旋型犁体曲面胸部平坦，犁翼长而扭曲程度大，翻土能力强，而碎土作用差，适于开生荒地和粘重、多草、潮湿的土壤。半螺旋型介于二者之间
犁的基本结构 铧式犁主要由犁架、主犁体、耕深调节装置、支承行走装置、牵引悬挂装置等组成。其中，主犁体为铧式犁的核心工作部件
2犁体曲面的形成原理
目前在设计犁体曲面时所用的方法有三种：水平直元线法、倾斜直元线法、翻土曲线法。其中，水平直元线法技术最为成熟，应用最广。水平直元线法的设计特点是： 动线为水平直元线，始终平行于水平面，在向上运动的过程中始终与铅垂面N内导曲线相靠贴，且与沟底的水平夹角θ是随着元线的高度变化的，其元线角的变化规律为θ=f（z），即在水平直元线形成曲面的过程中，有三个因素控制了动线在空间的姿态，从而决定了曲面的形状——始终平行于水平面的水平直元线，导曲线、元线角的变化规律，这三个因素我们通常称之为水平直元线形成犁体曲面的三大要素。

2．介绍深耕牵引三铧犁、悬挂式两铧犁、悬挂式三铧犁、双铧反转犁的牵引方式、耕深调节方式。
按与拖拉机挂接方式分：牵引犁、悬挂犁、半悬挂犁。 
牵引式——运输状态下，机具的重量全部由机具本身来承担。
悬挂式——运输状态下，机具的重量全部由拖拉机来承担
半悬挂式——运输状态下，机具的重量前部分由拖拉机承担，后部由机具来承担。
耕深调节——是根据农业技术的作业要求的不同及土壤状况的变化而进行的犁的入土深度的调节，调节的方法可依据土壤的实际状况和拖拉机液压悬挂系统的形式不同有三种： 
位调节——液压悬挂装置与农机具为相对刚性连接，犁的升降完全由液压系统来控制。 
力调节——液压悬挂装置与农机具为相对刚性连接，犁的升降完全由液压系统来控制。但力传感器可根据土壤的坚硬程度自动调节耕深，但需限深轮配合使用。 
高度调节——液压悬挂装置与农机具为铰连接，液压系统处于浮动状态（液压油缸的进出油阀全部打开），通过改变限深轮相对机架的高度来调节耕深。 
3．介绍悬挂式旋耕机的类型及组成，性能特点 （1） 按旋转刀轴的位置可分为横轴式、立轴式。 （2） 按与拖拉机挂接方式可分为牵引式、悬挂式、直接连接式。 （3） 按刀轴传动方式可分为中间传动和侧边传动两种。 （4） 按刀片旋转方向有正铣式和逆铣式两种。旋耕机一般由机架、传动部分、旋耕刀轴、刀片、耕深调节装置、罩壳和拖板等组成。旋耕机的性能特点 
（1）碎土能力强，耕后土层松碎，地表平坦，一次作业可达到犁、耙几次作业的效果。 
（2）刀片旋转产生向前推的力，将少了机组所需牵引功率。 （3）土肥掺合好，提高肥效，促进植物生长。 
（4）旋耕过程中，功率消耗大，覆盖能力差，耕深受到限制。
4．介绍圆盘耙的分类结构，了解圆盘耙的使用。
圆盘耙的种类很多，可按机重、直径、配置和挂结形式等进行分类。 1）按耙片的机重和直径分有重型、中型和轻型三种2）按与拖拉机的挂结方式分可将圆盘耙分为牵引、悬挂和半悬挂三种型式。3）按耙片形状有缺口耙和全缘耙。圆盘耙的构造圆盘耙一般由耙组、耙架、悬挂架和偏角调节机构等组成。
圆盘耙的使用 
圆盘耙耙地时，相对于犁耕土垡方向而言，有顺耙、斜耙和横耙三种耙地方法。顺耙时，耙地方向与犁耕方向平行．工作阻力小，但碎土与平地作用差，适于轻松土壤。横耙时，耙地方向与犁耕方向垂直，碎土和平地效果好，但机具振动大，转弯多，工效低。斜耙时，耙地方向与犁耕方向约为45。，碎土和平地作用介于顺耙和横耙之问，但行走路线复杂。 耙地时，应根据土质、地块大小、形状及农艺要求等情况，选择适当的耙地 方法。 梭形和回形耙地属于顺耙或横耙，适于以耙代耕或浅耕灭茬。交叉耙地属于斜耙，大田耕后耙地通常采用这种方法，其碎土和平地作用较好，但行走路线复杂，易发生重耙、漏耙。

5镇压器的分类及作用
常用的镇压器多为牵引式，根据形状不同一般分为V型、网环形、圆筒形等
镇压器是用来镇压耕翻、碎土后过于松软的土壤，或者把碎土时残留的土块进一步粉碎同时进行平整。镇压器专为旱地整地用，在特别干燥的土壤上，有保持土壤水分的效果。镇压器是通过辊子镇压土壤的表层起镇压作用。辊子的直径越小碎土效果越好，牵引力变大。辊子的镇压效果随土壤的含水率而有所不同。土壤过湿时，会过度压紧土壤，使土壤中的空气流通变坏，所以必须在适当的含水率下使用镇压器。 
Mechanical tillage experiment

(A) The purpose of the experiment
Grasp the type of mechanical tillage components, the role of the various components and working principle; understand the different types of plow tillage depth adjustment process; understand disc harrow rake deep work.
(B) experimental equipment
Three plow deep traction, hanging two plow, hanging three plow, double the Hua reverse plow, hanging rotary tiller, eighteen suspension gap rake, tractor-disc harrow, traction repression on
(C) inspection contents and steps
 1. Introduce the type of plow surface turn mattress features for the plow part of
The plow surface, according to the performance of their work can be divided into cultivated land, semi-spiral and spiral type. Rehmannia type is most common, its steeper plow chest, the small distortions of the wing, pulverizer performance, the ability to turn on cultivated land suitable for farming. The spiral plow surface chest flat, distortion of the plow wing, tilling the soil ability, pulverizer role, suitable for open raw wasteland and heavy clay, grassy, ​​moist soil. Half spiral in between
The basic structure of the plow plow plow frame, the main plow tillage depth adjustment device, supporting walking devices, traction suspension devices and other components. Among them, the main plow plow core working parts
The plow surface of forming principle of
 There are three: horizontal straight-line method, the methods used in the design of the plow surface inclined straight Element Method of Lines, dig curve method. Straight horizontal line method is the most mature technology, the most widely used. Straight horizontal line method design features are: moving lines of Horizontal Straight line is always parallel to the horizontal plane, always in the process of upward movement are fitted along the vertical plane N within the guide curve, and the angle between the level of the ditch θ yuan line height variation, the variation of the line angle theta = f (z), which is formed in a straight horizontal line the surface, there are three factors that control the attitude of moving lines in space, to determine the shape of the surface - always parallel to the horizontal plane of Horizontal Straight guide curve, line angle, variation, we usually call these three factors of Horizontal Straight to the formation of the the plow surface of three elements.

 2. Introduced deep traction three-furrow plow, hanging two plow suspended three-furrow plow, double-Hua reverse plow traction, tillage depth adjustment method.
Tractor mount: plows, hang plow, semi-mounted plow.
Towed - transport state, all the weight of the equipment by the equipment itself to bear.
Hanging - transport state, all the weight of the equipment by a tractor to bear
Semi-mounted - transport state, the first part of the weight of the equipment is borne by the tractor, rear borne by the equipment.
Tillage depth adjustment - adjustment of the plow at a depth of different soil conditions change according to the operational requirements of the agricultural technology, adjustment method can be based on the actual situation of the soil and the tractor hydraulic suspension system, there are three different forms:
Position adjustment - hydraulic suspension device and farm machinery plow lift is completely controlled by the hydraulic system is relatively rigid connection.
Force adjustment - hydraulic suspension device and farm machinery plow lift is completely controlled by the hydraulic system is relatively rigid connection. Force sensor can automatically adjust the hard soil tillage depth, but need to limit deep wheel used in conjunction.
Height adjustment - hydraulic suspension device and farm machinery hinge connection, hydraulic system in a floating state (and out of the hydraulic cylinder valve fully open), by changing the limit deep wheel relative height of the rack to adjust the tillage depth.
 3. Introduce hanging rotary tiller type and composition, performance characteristics (1) by rotating the position of the tool axis can be divided into horizontal axis, vertical axis. (2) can be divided into tractor mount traction, Hanging, direct-connected. (3) can be divided into two kinds of intermediate transmission and side drive knife shaft drive. (4) There are two kinds of positive milling and conventional milling blade rotation direction. Rotary tiller consists of frame, transmission parts, the Rotary Blade shaft, blade, tillage depth adjustment device, cover and carriage. The performance characteristics of the rotary tiller
(1) pulverizer capacity, loose soil tillage, flat surface, a job can be achieved plow, harrow times the effect of the job.
(2) blade rotation of forward force, less units of traction power. (3) soil and fertilizer blends, improve efficiency, and promote plant growth.
(4) rotary process, the power consumption is large, poor coverage, plowing deeply to the limit.
 4. Introduction the disc harrow classification structure for the use of the disc harrow.
Disc harrow many different types, according to the machine weight, diameter, configuration and hanging knot forms of classification. 1) harrow machine weight and diameter of the heavy, medium and light three 2) hanging with the tractor junction points can be divided into disc harrow traction, suspension and semi-suspension of three types. 3) there is a gap rake rake the shape and edge rake. The structure of the disc harrow disc harrow rake group, rake, hanger and declination adjustment mechanism.
The use of the disc harrow
Disc harrow harrow, with respect to the direction of plowing soil mattress, Shun rake, the helical rake and cross-rake three harrow method. Shun rake, rake in the direction parallel to the direction of plowing. Resistance, pulverizer and flat role, suitable for easy soil. Horizontal rake, perpendicular to the harrow the direction of the plowing direction, pulverizer, peace and good, but the machinery vibration, turning, low efficiency. Oblique rake, rake the direction of plowing direction is about 45. , The pulverizer peacefully role between Shun rake and cross-rake ask, but the complexity of the routes. Harrow should be based on soil, land size, shape and agronomic requirements, select the appropriate harrow. Spindle and back-rake belongs to Shun rake or landscape rake, suitable for the rake farming or shallow plowing stubble. Cross belongs oblique rake, rake the field after plowing harrow usually use this method, its pulverizer peace to good effect, but the complexity of the routes, prone to heavy harrow, drain rake.

The classification and role of repression
Commonly used repression traction, depending on the shape of the V-network ring, cylindrical generally divided into
The repression is used to suppress the plow, the pulverizer too soft soil, or further crushing clods residual pulverizer to finish at the same time. Repression designed for dryland soil preparation, particularly dry soil, keep the soil moisture. The crackdown is the suppression of the surface of the soil through the roller from the repressive role. The smaller the diameter of the roller pulverizer better, the larger traction. Roller repressive effect varies with the moisture content of the soil. Excessive compaction when the soil is too wet, the soil, the air circulation in the soil deterioration, it must be used in the appropriate moisture content of repression.

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