第十三章状语分句.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,一、状语的分类,修饰性状语,Adjuncts,评注性状语,Disjuncts,连接性状语,Conjuncts,二、状语的位置,C13,状语分句,(Adverbials),1.,修饰性状语,修饰性状语，按其词汇意义，可分为,时间状语,、,地点状语,、,过程状语,、,因果状语,等。这类状语既可由副词词组、介词词组和名词词组表示，也可由限定分句（即状语从句）、非限定分句和无动词分句表示。,.,时间状语（,Time Adjuncts),（,）何时状语（,when-adjuncts),表示事情发生或状态存在的时间,Were going to the theatre,tomorrow,.,（,）持续状语（,duration-adjuncts),事情或状态的持续时间,They have lived here,for twenty years,.,（,）频度状语（,frequency-adjuncts),事情或状态发生的频率,She sees her doctor,twice a month,.,引导时间状语的两个常见的从属关联：,No soonerthan,Hardly/scarcely/barelywhen,一件事紧接着另一件事发生：一,/,刚,就,第一个分句常用过去完成体,He had no sooner asked the question than the,answer came to him.,如果把,no sooner,或,hardly,等放在句首时，要颠倒,主语和操作词。,No sooner had he asked the question than the,answer came to him.,.,地点状语,(place adjuncts),outside the village,.,位置,down the hill,.,方向,They ran,a long way,.,距离,from the school.,来源,to the school bus.,目标,.,过程状语（,Process adjuncts),（,）方式状语,(manner),描述做事的方式或方法,They planned the project,carefully,.,（,）工具状语（,instrument),客观的外在工具,It is difficult to write English letters,with a,Chinese brush.,（,）执行者状语（,Agentive-adjuncts),动作的执行者,The flying object was seen,by many people.,.,因果状语,（,）原因状语,原因状语通常可由限定分句、非限定分句、,无动词分句以及某些介词词组来表示，其中,最重要的一种是表示原因的限定分句：,1),限定原因状语分句,原因限定分句通常由,because,，,since,，,as,for,等连词引导。例如用,because,引导：,He didnt go downtown,，,because I advised,him not to,他没有到市区去，因为我劝他不要去。,用,as,引导：,We didnt take our raincoats as we werent expecting it to rain,我们没带雨衣，因为没有料到会下雨。,用,since,引导：,Since Mr.Fox is ill,，,he has to cancel the appointment,福克斯先生病了，不得不取消约会。,用,for,引导：,Maria was thoroughly embarrassed,，,for her parents treated her like a child,玛丽亚局促不安，因为她父母把她当作小孩看待。,原因状语分句还可由,in that,引导：,This machine differs from the other one in that it is more powerful,这台机器与那台机器的不同之处在于功率较大。,用,now tha,t,引导：,Now that the new regulations have come into force,，,there are far fewer accidents on the roads,由于实行了新规则，路上事故少多了。,用,seeing that,引导：,We cant expect him to know the story seeing that he hasnt read it,他既然没有看过，我们不能指望他了解故事内容。,用,inasmuch as,引导：,I am ready to accept your proposal inasmuch as I believe it to be the best you can offer,我准备接受你的建议，因为我相信这是你所能提出的最好的建议。,2,）非限定原因状语分句,由动词不定式、,-,ing,分词和,-ed,分词构成的非限定分句也可以表示原因。,a,）用不定式分句表示。例如：,They were annoyed to see the shower hadnt been installed,看到淋浴设备尚未装好，他们很生气。,b,）用,-,ing,分词分句表示。例如：,Being ill,，,he could not attend his friends funeral,他因病不能参加朋友的葬礼。,自身带有主语的,-,ing,分词分句也可以表示原因。例如：,It being now pretty late,，,we took our candles and went upstairs,时间很晚了，我们拿了蜡烛上楼去。,The rain having started,，,we abandoned our tents,下雨了，我们放弃了帐篷。,c,）用,-ed,分词分句表示。例如：,Written in simple English,，,the book is suitable for beginners,这本书是用浅近易懂的英语写的，适合初学者阅读。,自身带有主语的,-ed,分词分句也可以表示原因。例如：,His voice drowned out by the noise,，,the professor interrupted his lecture,教授中断了讲课，因为喧噪声淹没了他的话音,ing,分词和,-ed,分词之后间或可以添加一个“,as+,主语,+,替代词,do”,那样的分句，以明确其时间含义或起强调作用。例如：,Standing as it does on a high hill,，,the temple commands a fine view,庙宇坐落在高山上，从那儿可以俯视美丽的景色。,I feel it to be a rare occasion,，,occurring as it does only once in many years,我认为这种事情是罕见的，许多年才发生一次。,Situated as it was at the foot of the mountain,，,the house was very quiet,这房子坐落在山脚下，非常安静。,3,）无动词原因状语分句,无动词分句表示原因通常置于句首。例如：,Anxious for a quick decision,，,the chairman called for a vote,会议主席急于快速作出决定，要求投票表决。,（,）结果状语,结果状语可以用限定分句非或限定分句表示。,1,）限定性结果状语从句,a,）用,sothat,引导，例如“,so+,形容词,+that-,分句”：,I was so sleepy that I could hardly keep my eyes open,我太瞌睡了，眼睛也睁不开了。,“,so+,限定词,+,名词,+that-,分句”：,The house cost so much money that we didnt buy it,那房子要价很高，我们没有买。,“,so+,副词,+that-,分句”：,Anna was shaking so badly that she had gone into a fit of vomiting,安娜颤抖得厉害，一阵呕吐。,“,so+,分词,+that-,分句”：,The book is so written that it gives a quite wrong idea of the facts,这本书的写法使人对事实产生误解。,sothat,结构中的,that,在口语中有时可以省略。例如：,For Ted,，,the pain of separation was so intense,（,that,）,he could hardly breathe,对特德来说，分离的痛苦剧烈难熬，几乎使他透不过气来。,有时也可以把,so+,形容词副词置于句首，主句的词序倒装。例如：,So bitter was the coffee that I couldnt drink it,这咖啡太苦了，我不能饮用。,b,）用,suchthat,引导。例如“,such+,名词,+that-,分,句”：,It was such a delicious dessert that I decided to order another portion,这种甜食美味可口，我决定再叫一份。,This is such beautiful furniture that Im thinking of buying it,这家具太漂亮了，我打算把它买下来。,“,such,（用作代词）,that-,分句”：,His diligence was such that he made great progress,他如此勤奋，以致大有进步。,“,suchthat-,分句”结构中的,that,在非正式语体中有时可以省略。例如：,It was such an expensive camera,（,that,）,I decided to have it insured,这架照相机价格昂贵，我决定给以保险。,c),用,so that,引导。常见于正式语体。例如：,The letter was lost,，,so that I had to write another,信丢失了，我只得再写一封。,He had overslept,，,so that he was late for work,他睡过了头，结果上班迟到。,so that-,分句中的,that,在非正式语体中往往省略。例如：,The room was packed with people,，,so,（,that,）,we couldnt get in,室内挤满了人，我们进不去。,d,）用,that,引导。例如：,I must be getting absent-minded that I forgot to bring my ticket,我一定是心不在焉，票子也忘记带。,e,）用,with the result that,引导。例如：,I was in the bath,，,with the result that I didnt hear the knock at the door,我在洗澡，因此没有听见敲门声。,2,）非限定结果状语分句,非限定结果状语分句主要由不定式分句和,-,ing,分词分句表示。,a),用不定式分句表示，常见于,enough to,，,tooto,，,soas to,，,sufficientlyto,，,only to,to,，,suchas to,等形式。,You are not old enough to sign a contract,你年龄不够，不能签合同。,b,）用,-,ing,分词分句表示结果，有时可与,so,，,thus,，,thereby,等词连用。例如：,A bomb exploded at the post-office last week,，,killing six people,上星期邮局里爆炸了一颗炸弹，结果六人死亡。,He locked the door,，,thus making sure that no one would interrupt him,他把门锁上，这就确保没有人打扰他。,He wrote me a letter of recommendation,，,so keeping a promise he had made a long time ago,他给我写了一封推荐信，履行了他很久以前所许的诺言。,He picked up support from several minority groups,，,thereby guaranteeing that he would win the election,他得到了几个少数党的支持，从而保证他会在竞选中获胜。,(),目的状语,目的状语可由限定分句或非限定分句表示。,1,）限定分句,目的状语分句通常由,so that,，,lest,，,in case,，,in order that,等连词引导的限定分句表示。,a,）用,so that,引导。例如：,You ought to make a note of it so that you wont forget,你应该把它记下来，以免忘记。,为了强调目的意义，有时可以把,so that,分句置于句首。例如：,So that everyone could hear,，,they used a loud,hailer,为了使人人都能听到，他们使用了扩音器。,也可以在分裂句中把,so that,分句作为强调中心。例如：,It is so that his students may understand well that the teacher speaks clearly,正是为了使学生很好地理解，教师才讲得清清楚楚。,在非正式语体中，,so that,分句中的,that,可以省略。例如：,Well sit nearer the front so,（,that,）,we can hear better,我们靠前面坐，这样可以听得清楚些。,b,）用,in order that,引导。,in order that,和,so that,用法相同，较常见于正式语体。例如：,They worked hard in order that they might succeed,他们努力工作，争取成功。,in order that,可以置于句首，也可以用于分裂句中。例如：,In order that he would be warm,，,he built a fire,为了暖和身子，他生起了火。,It was in order that a hospital might be built that they donated two million dollars,他们捐助二百万元，是为了建造一座医院。,c,）用,in case,引导。例如：,Buy another ticket in case your brother wants to come,再买一张票子，说不定你弟弟要来。,in case,分句可以置于句首。例如：,In case they wanted to study,，,they took books,他们带着书本，以备学习。,d,）用,lest,引导。,lest,引导的目的状语分句只用于正式语体，且带有否定含义，相当于,so that not,in order that not,，分句谓语动词通常用,should,不定式表示。,例如：,We had to be very careful lest the news should become known early,我们必须谨慎小心，免得消息过早地走漏出去。,2,）非限定目的状语分句,由动词不定式和,ing,分词构成的非限定分句也可以表示目的。,a,）用不定式分句表示目的。例如：,Ham sometimes walked with us to show us the boats and ships,哈姆有时和我们一起散步，把大大小小的船只指点给我们看。,如果不定式分句的逻辑主语不是主句的主语便须用“,for,noun,pronoun,to,不定式”分句表示目的。例如：,I stood aside for her to enter,我站开让她进来。,表示目的的不定式分句之前还可用,so as,和,in order,，即用,so as to,和,in order to,表示：,I sometimes walk to work so as to keep my weight down,为了不让体重增加，我有时步行上班。,b,）用,ing,分词分句表示目的，已属少见，主要见于美国英语。例如：,I was out shopping,我外出买东西。,Im getting tired of hanging around here answering questions,我对闲呆在这里回答问题感到厌倦。,（,）条件状语,表示条件的限定分句简称“条件状语分句”,（,Adverbial Clause of Condition,），分为,真实条件状语分句和,非真实条件状语分句,。,真实条件状语分句指所讲的条件是事实或者,在说话人看来是可能实现的事情；非真实条,件状语分句指所讲的条件与事实相反或者在,说话人看来不大可能实现的事情。,1,）,非真实条件状语分句,（参见第六章,Were,型虚拟式,-if,非真实条件句）,非真实条件可以是与现在事实相反，与过去,事实相反或者在将来不大可能发生的事情。,a,）表示现在的非真实条件。,if,分句动词通常用一般过去时、过去进行,体、过去时情态助动词不定式，或者,were,型虚拟式；与这种条件状语分句相搭配的主,句动词通常用,would,should,could,might,不,定式一般形式或不定式进行体。例如：,If I didnt have a bad cold,，,I would go to the,beach today,要不是重感冒，我今天会去海滩的。（事实是：我患了重感冒。）,If it were raining now,，,I wouldnt go out,要是现在下雨，我就不会出去。（事实是：现在不下雨。）,If you could lift that piano by yourself,，,I would be very surprised,要是你能够独自搬起那架钢琴，我可要大为惊讶。（事实是：你肯定搬不动。）,If John were rich,，,he would be living in the largest house in town,约翰要是富有，就会住上城里最大的房子。（事实是：约翰不富有。）,b,）表示过去的非真实条件。,if,分句动词用过去完成体、过去完成进行体或,could,等情态助动词不定式完成体；与这种条件状语分句相搭配的主句动词通常用,would,should,could,might,不定式完成体或不定式完成进行体。例如：,If I hadnt been sick last week,，,I wouldnt have gone to the doctor,如果上星期不生病，我就不会去看医生了。（事实是：上星期生了病。）,If it had been raining yesterday,，,I would have taken my umbrella,要是昨天下雨，我会带伞的。（事实是：昨天没有下雨。）,If I had called them up at six oclock,，,they might have been sleeping,如果我,6,点钟给他们打电话，他们也许在睡觉。（事实是：,6,点钟没有给他们打电话。）,上述诸例讲的都是过去时间的非真实条件,（从句）和过去时间的非真实结果（主,句）。但有时，过去时间的非真实条件也会,引起现在时间的非真实结果。例如：,If I had studied English when I was younger,，,I wouldnt be sitting in this classroom today,我要是年轻时学过英语，今天也就不会坐在这个教室里了。（事实是：年轻时未学英语，现在正坐在教室里学。）,If the patient hadnt had the operation,，,she might not be alive today,这病人要不是动了手术，今天就不可能还活着。（事实是：此人过去动了手术，现在还活着。）,c,）表示将来时间不大可能出现的条件。,if,分句动词用一般过去时，,were to,was to,不定式，主句动词用,would,should,could,might,不定式。例如：,Could you come to the party if we held it on Friday,？,如果我们星期五举行宴会，你能来吗？（在,说话人看来，星期五举行宴会的可能性不是,很大。）,He would do it if you were to order him to,倘若你命令他做，他会做的。（在说话人看来，你是多半不会命令他做这做那的。）,上述各种非真实条件状语分句还有其倒装形式。例如：,Were it to rain,（,If it were to rain,），,she would take her umbrella,要是下雨，她会带伞的。,Had she worked hard,（,If she had worked bard,），,she would have passed,她要是努力学习，就及格了。,2,）真实条件状语分句,真实条件状语分句也分为表示现在的真实条件、表示将来的真实条件，以及表示过去的真实条件。,a,）表示现在的真实条件。,if,分句动词用一般现在时（不包括情态助动词），主句动词也用一般现在时。这种句型可以表示不受时间限制的必然会发生的情况。例如：,Oil floats if you pour it on water,在水上倒油，油就浮在水上。,b,）表示将来的真实条件。,if,分句动词通常用一般现在时（而不能在,if,分句中用,shall,will,表示将来），主句动词用情态助动词,will,shall,can,may,must,ought to,等不定式。这是最常见的一种真实条件句。例如：,I wont get lost if I take the map,如果带了地图，我就不会迷路。,如果,if,分句动词用,will,would,不定式，这时,will,would,主要表示情态意义。,will,在这种搭配中相当于,be willing to,，,be,determined to,etc,表示“愿意”、“坚持”等意,义；若用,would,则口气婉转一些。与这种,if,分句相搭配，主句动词通常用,will,shall,would,should,不定式。例如：,If youll return the sample enclosed in this letter,，,we shall be grateful,如果你愿意退还随信附寄的样品的话，我们将表示感谢。,Ill ring up his secretary,，,if youd prefer to make a later appointment,如果你愿意把约会时间推迟，我就给他的秘书打个电话。,If youd speak one at a time,，,Id be able to hear what you have to say,请一个个地说，好让我听清你们讲些什么。,If the bank manager would grant me a loan,，,I would buy that house,如果银行经理肯给我贷款的话，我就买下那幢房子。,if,分句动词用,should,不定式，主句动词用现在时情态助动词不定式或用祈使式。例如：,If the money should not arrive,，,how will we,pay the rent,？,如果钱不到，我们怎么付房租呢？,If she should fail,，,she can try again,如果失败她可以再试试。,If you should be late,，,you must apologize to your host,万一迟到，你必须向主人道歉。,也能采用倒装形式。例如：,Should you see,（,If you should see,）,Helen at the conference,，,tell her Im here,如果你在会议上见到海伦，告诉她我在这儿。,上述,if,分句中的,should,是一个语法标记，即不论什么人称一律用,should,，表示说话人带有不肯定的语气。这种用法的,should,如若略去不用，即用一般现在时表示，句子的基本含义不变。,再者，如果,if,分句动词用,should,不定式，主句动词用过去时情态助动词不定式，则不肯定的意味更强了，或者说语气更加婉转。例如：,If he should come tomorrow,，,I would tell him everything,如果他明天来，我就把所有的事都告诉他。,If you should be passing my house,，,you might return the book you borrowed,如果路过我家，可否把你借的那本书顺便还给我。,If,从句也可用省略形式，多数情况用于,if,后面跟的是形容词组或介词词组。,I will sell my house if necessary.,If in doubt,ask at your local library.,c,）表示过去的真实条件，,if,分句动词用一般过去时，主句动词也用一般过去时。,例如：,If the dog barked,，,he gave it something to eat,每逢狗叫，他总是给它点吃的。,2.,评注性状语,评注性状语无论在句法还是在语义上，都没,有修饰性状语和主句的联系密切。它们有时,被称为“句子的修饰性状语”，或“句子的状,语”。它们从外围依附于主句，而不象修饰性,状语那样与主句合为一体。,评注性状语按语义可分为“文体性评注状语,（,Style,Disjunct,）和“内容性评注状语”,（,Content,Disjunct,）。,文体评注性状语表示说话者对话语的态度，如,seriously,，,frankly,，,literally,，,specifically,，,generally,，,broadly,，,honestly,，,confidentially,，,truly,，,truthfully,，,briefly,，,parenthetically,（顺带说一下），,relatively,，,personally,，,candidly,，,flatly,，,crudely,，,bluntly,，,simply,，,metaphorically,，,strictly,，,paradoxically,等。例如：,Seriously,，,Ive given up my job,说真的，我已经辞去了我的工作。,Confidentially,，,she is very stupid,私下说说，她很愚蠢。,“内容性评注状语”表示说话者对话语内容的评,价。,Obviously,she couldnt deal with these problems.(c.f.p323),区别两种评注性状语的形式标准是能否插入,speaking,一词：,p323,3.,连接性状语,“,连接性状语”，又叫“连接性附加语”,（,Conjunct,），通常由连接性副词及其他语,法结构表示。它在句子或分句之间起连接上,下文的作用，而不起修饰作用。,1,）表示时间关系,如,meantime,，,meanwhile,，,in the meantime,，,in the meanwhile,等,2,）表示列举和顺序,表示列举和顺序的连接性状语主要有：,first,，,second,，,third,；,first,（,ly,），,secondly,，,thirdly,；,one,，,two,，,three,（主要用于学术论文和科技文章）；,for one thing,（,and,）,for another,（,thing,）；,for a start,（用于非正式语体）；,to begin with,，,to start with,；,in the first place,，,in the second place,；,next,，,then,；,finally,，,eventually,，,last,，,lastly,；,to conclude,（用于正式语体）。,3,）表示意义增进和引申,表示意义增进和引申的连接性状语主要有,again,，,also,，,further-more,，,moreover,，,then,（用于非正式语体，特别是口语体），,in addition,，,above all,，,what is more,等,4,）表示转折和对比,主要有,however,，,nevertheless,，,still,，,though,，,yet,，,in any case,，,at any rate,，,in spite of that,，,after all,，,instead,，,then,，,on the contrary,，,by way of contrast,，,conversely,，,by way of comparison,，（,on the one hand,）,on the other hand,等,5),等同和替换,equally,，,likewise,，,similarly,，,in the same way,；,namely,，,in other words,，,that is,，,that is to say,；,better,，,rather,，,alternatively,，,on the other hand,6),过渡和总结,主要有,incidentally,，,now,，,by the way,等。,7),结果和推论,包括,as a result,，,accordingly,，,consequently,，,as a consequence,，,in consequence,，,for this/that reason,，,on that account,，,in that case,，,so,，,hence,，,therefore,，,then,，,thus,等。,二、状语位置,状语是英语句子中很活跃并且也是很复杂的一个成,分，任何起副词作用的单词、词组或分句都是状,语，可以出现在句中的多个位置。,英语句子的语序一般是：主语,+,谓语,+,宾语,+,修饰性,状语，一般不在谓语动词和宾语之间插进状语。,可以说：,I met your parents yesterday.,或,Yesterday I met your parents.,但不可以说：,I met yesterday your parents.,修饰性状语在句子的位置一般来说是在句末。,They checked their equipment,carefully,.,A security guard was standing,at the cash,point machine,.,The Battle of the Boyne took place,in 1690,.,焦点副词,(focusing adverb),都置于句中：焦点副词指出所讲内容中最有关联的事项，如做某事的主要理由或某事物具有的主要特质,),：,even,merely,only,simply,just,really,particularly,等。,I was particularly impressed by her dancing and singing.,Bob only watched English premiership on Sundays.,修饰性状语置于句首或放在主语之前时，一般有强调作用。在叙事文体中，状语置于句首更能引起读者的注意。例如：,At ten oclock yesterday,I went down for my dinner with Jack.,Before his mother,Tom is always a good boy.,程度副词做状语时，不置于句首。例如：,Thank you very much.,*very much Thank you.,修饰性状语可以置于主语和主要动词之间，单个副词置于主语和主要动词之间是很常见的。例如：,The captain kindly invited us onto the bridge.,常置于主要动词之前的修饰性状语有：,A.,绝大多数不定频度副词：,always,usually,seldom,continuously,ever,repeatedly,sometimes,normally,never,often,constantly,frequently,regularly,rarely,continually,等。,I often go swimming and hunting in the summer.,确定频度副词一般不这样使用，往往置于句,末。例如：,New York Times is delivered daily.,B.,某些不定时间副词：,again,first,since,finally,just,already,recently,last,等。,I just heard the news that he was killed.,确定时间副词不放在句中，一般置于句首或句末。例如：,The day after tomorrow we are leaving for Beijing.,*We are tomorrow leaving for Beijing.,C.,某些程度副词，特别是起强调作用的程度副词：,almost,altogether,absolutely,badly,completely,deeply,entirely,fairly,等。,D.,前置修饰动词的焦点副词：,even,merely,only,simply,just,really,particularly,等。,两个或两个以上不同性质的状语连续使用时的排序问题（参见第九章,-,多词形容词的排序问题）,A.,通常的排列顺序为：过程状语,地点状语,时间状语。例如：,The plane took off noisily,(manner),into the dark sky,(place),just before dawn,(time),.,B.,有方式副词又有,down,out,home,等方向副词时，方向副词先于方式副词。例如,：,He walked home quickly last night.,Tom reached down slowly.,C.,不同类型的时间状语同现时，它们通常的语序是：持续状语,+,频度状语,+,何时状语,She