高考英语 书面表达(文字提纲式作文)专题指导课件.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,2012,届高考英语书面表达专题指导与练习讲评系列,本系列资料简介,专题一,2012,届高考英语书面表达（图画式作文）专题指导与练习讲评,专题二,2012,届高考英语书面表达（文字提纲式作文）专题指导与练习讲评,专题三,2012,届高考英语书面表达（图表式作文）专题指导与练习讲评,专题四,2012,届高考英语书面表达（开放式作文）专题指导与练习讲评,专题二,2012,届高考英语书面表达（文字提纲式作文）专题指导与练习讲评目录,一、,2012,届高考英语书面表达（文字提纲式作文）专题指导,（含课件和文字稿）,二、,2012,届高考英语书面表达（文字提纲式作文）练习讲评,2012,届高考英语书面表达（文字提纲式作文）练习讲评一,（含课件和文字稿）,2012,届高考英语书面表达（文字提纲式作文）练习讲评二,（含课件和文字稿）,2012,届高考英语书面表达（文字提纲式作文）练习讲评三,（含课件和文字稿）,2012,届高考英语书面表达（文字提纲式作文）练习讲评四,（含课件和文字稿）,综观历届高考书面表达试题，我们不难发现文字提纲式作文大体分为两种：,提纲要点式和提纲表格式。,不过无论是以哪种形式出现都不外乎是用文字（中文、英文）给出写作信息和要求的写作形式，即给出要点或提纲，也称作要点式书面表达，或文字提示作文，属于控制性作文。文字提纲式作文既是历年高考的传统题型，也是历年高考的主流题型。,这类题型的主要特点是：要点明确，范围具体，贴近生活，易于动笔。此类试题中有较多的文字说明，实际上规定了考生表述的思路，对考生的写作范围作了较为明确的限定，试题中规定的要点一个也不能回避。考生既不能随意发挥也不能逐条翻译。但随着高考改革的进程加快，这种题型的开放度越来越大。近几年，在允许考生适当添加细节内容的基础上，要求考生发表自己的观点或看法。,文字提纲式作文在体裁上，一般以说明文、议论文和记叙文为主，要求考生根据提纲说明某种情况或辩论某种观点。文字提纲式作文有时也可能是应用文。,写好文字提纲式作文的大体要求,一、认真审题，确立话题，归纳要点,审题是下笔写作之前的重要步骤。应根据文字提纲投入、审慎、全面地进行审题。那么审题需要审出什么呢？,1.,主题：高考书面表达题材不同，写法就有所不同。要通过仔细观察，认真分析，确定文章的主题，然后再围绕主题进行写作，以满足高考“切中题意”的要求。切忌跑题，这是是书面表达的大忌；,2.,内容：围绕主题审查提炼要点，做到要点全面。避免丢三落四要点不全的现象的发生，还要防止画蛇添足、节外生枝的现象的发生；,3.,层次：最好是三大层次，忌一揽子式的表达，缺乏层次与条理；忌“挤牙膏”式，想到哪儿写到哪儿，想到啥就写啥，缺乏全局观念。,4.,格式：文体不同，格式也不同。书信有书信的格式，便条有便条的格式。同样是通知，口头通知与书面通知的格式也不相同。因此应根据不同的文体来确定写作时所采用的相应格式。,5.,人称：要弄清表达时具体需要用什么人称。人称搞错了，是要被扣分的。,二、理顺要点，增加细节，连贯表达,动笔前，先考虑文章的逻辑性，弄清先写什么，,后写什么。若给出的提示层次清楚，可按提示的,顺序进行表达；倘若提示层次凌乱，就要对题目,所表达的要点顺序做适当的调整。书面表达不同,于逐句翻译，如果只是对提示进行翻译，而不考,虑文章前后的连贯性，支离破碎的文章即使没有,语法或拼写等错误，它依然不是一篇好文章。所,以为了使表达得以连贯，有时还需要增加一些合,理的细节。当然所加的内容一定要精略得当，否,则会弄巧成拙。,三、化解难点，灵活表达，句能达意,在“一刻千金”的考场上考生要想准确表达出所有,内容，并非易事。考生往往会遇到难以表述的内,容，或一时想不起确切的习惯用语或句型来进行,表达。面对这种情况有些考生不去认真考虑，进,行变通表达，而是空着不写或是胡编乱造甚至用,汉语拼音代替，其结果必然是答非所需、词不达,意、甚至汉语式英语满天飞。正确的做法是要从,另一个角度运用自己学过的熟悉的知识去灵活表,达，同样能写出想要表达的内容。,四、错落有致，连接恰当，发挥有度,错落有致是指要注意句型的使用。一是要注意简单句、并列句以及复合句的交叉运用，以增强文章的可读性。二是要注意使用所谓高级框架结构的句子，包含定语从句、状语从句和名词性从句的三大复合句、三大非谓语动词,动名词、分词和不定式的句子以及倒装句，强调句型结构等等的使用。,连接恰当是指要注意使用恰当的关联词、过渡句等。短文再短也是文，既然是文，就得使用一些关联词或过渡句，使文章浑然一体。,发挥有度是指考生在发表自己的观点、感想、看法或建议时，要注意紧紧围绕主题去发挥，切忌游离主题的任意发挥。,五、查漏补缺，修正错误，誊写清楚,短文写完后要查漏补缺，看看要点是否齐全；从宏观上以他人的眼光来审视自己的文章，看看表达的内容是否清晰，用词是否妥当，找出不必要的错误进行修正。最后是誊写清楚，以保证卷面的整洁美观，从而吸引阅卷老师的眼球。,如何写好这种类型的书面表达，本课件结合两个实例做些具体的指导。,实例一（,2011,年全国大纲卷）,假定你是李华，你所喜爱的,Global Mirror,周报创刊五周年之际征集读者意见。请你依据以下内容给主编写封信，内容主要包括：,1.,说明你是该报的忠实读者,2.,赞赏该报优点：,兼顾国内外新闻,介绍名人成功故事,3.,提出建议：,刊登指导英语学习的文章,注意：,1.,词数,100,左右，开头语己为你写好；,2.,可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。,Dear Editor-in-Chief,Congratulations on the 5th anniversary of Global Mirror!,该书面表达为应用文中的书信写作，属传统的指导,性写作。写好此文，需注意以下几点：一是时态把,握要准确。文章基本时态为一般现在时，同时兼顾,其他的时态。二是要点要齐全，且详略得当。题目,已给出了较为详尽的写作要求，要点作出了明确的,规定，这些要点不能有遗漏。写作重点可放在报纸,优点的介绍上面。三是切忌照译，要适当地增加细,节，恰当地使用连接过渡词，使行文连贯流畅。,总体分析,写作指导,一、认真审题，确立话题，归纳要点,考生须牢记总的解题原则,根据已知求未知。考生必须紧紧抓住所给材料，这是拿下最高档的必要条件，离开了这一必要条件，想要写出最高档的短文是不可能的。而这一必要条件是通过动笔前的审题实现的。,通过审题，确定本文的主题为“,Congratulations on the 5th anniversary of Global Mirror”,，确定主题之后，要围绕主题中的重点词“,Congratulations”,用重笔浓墨展开写作，而就“,suggestions”,轻描淡写，顺便一提就可以了，否则就会喧宾夺主、本末倒置，最终在不知不觉中跑了题，走向了大忌。,通过审题，归纳出本文内容要点如下：该报的忠实读者；赞赏该报的两点优点（兼顾国内外新闻、介绍名人成功故事）；一点建议（刊登指导英语学习的文章）。这三点为基本点，缺一不可。,通过审题，拟定本文的三大层次（三段）：第一层次（第一段，已给出），直导主题；第二层次（第二段）分述主题（作者身份,忠实读者、两大优点），先概后分；第三层次（第三段）建议。,二、理顺要点，增加细节，连贯表达,本篇书面表达的文字提纲实际上就是按照表达,顺序提供的，所以不存在理顺要点的环节。但,为了表达的连贯，还需要增加要点：该报优点,给读者带来的益处。为了表达的完整，作为该,报的忠实读者，在提建议的基础上还要增加自,己的希望。,三、化解难点，灵活表达，句能达意,本文所给材料虽只包含三点主要内容，但却“危机四,伏、暗藏玄机”。如“忠实读者”中的“忠实”；“赞赏该,报优点”中的“赞赏”；“兼顾国内外新闻”中的“兼顾”和,“国内外”；“介绍名人成功故事”之中的“成功”；“刊,登指导英语学习的文章”之中的“刊登”等等，看起来都,是大多数考生生活中的“生僻词汇”，如果考生们的平,时“变通”训练不到位，考场上就不能准确地应用地道,的词汇。,忠实读者,a regular reader,a faithful reader,a fan,赞赏该报的优点,appreciate the advantages of the newspaper,like the newspaper very much,enjoy the articles in the newspaper,兼顾国内外新闻,cover/report news from home and abroad,cover/report both national and international news,cover/report both domestic and foreign news,1.,化解难点,成功故事,a story about a success,a success story,不可译成,a successful story,刊登指导英语学习的文章,carry/publish articles to guide us in our English learning,carry/publish articles to help us to learn English,Im a regular reader of your newspaper.,I like your newspaper very much.,Your newspaper covers both national and international news and success stories of the world famous people.,Your newspaper provides me with stories of how many famous people succeed.,Your newspaper carries articles to guide us in our English learning.,2.,变点为句,四、错落有致，连接恰当，发挥有度,表达时要兼顾简单句、复合句以及倒装句的使用。,表达时要注意层次性，所以要用诸如,first,equally,and,as a young student,等关联词和过渡句。,对需要增加的细节要进行适度的联想：,该报的两个优点给读者带来的什么益处：对第一个优点我们,可以联想到“使我们读者了解到一周中（因为是周报）所发,生的重大事情拓宽视野,”；对第二个优点我们可以联想到“读后可,激励我更加努力学习”等等。,提出“刊登指导英语学习的文章”建议时需要增加自己的理由。,如：像其他许多学生一样，我的英语不是很好。,对该报提出什么样的希望：可以顺水推舟,“希望该报越来越受读者的欢迎”。,译出增加的要点,By reading one article after another,I can learn all important things that have happened during the week.,Through it,I can broaden my horizons.,After reading them,I can be encouraged to study even harder.,Like many other students,Im not getting along with English.,I hope that it will become even more popular.,整理成文,Dear Editor-in-Chief,Congratulations on the 5th anniversary of Global Mirror!,Im a regular reader of your newspaper.I like it very much for two reasons.First of all,it covers news from home and abroad.Through it,I can learn all important things that have happened during the week to broaden my horizons.Whats more,it provides me with stories of how many famous people succeed.After reading them,I can be encouraged to study even harder.,But on the other hand,I have a piece of advice for you.Like many other students,Im not getting along with English.So I wonder if Global Mirror carry articles to guide us in our English learning,and I hope that it will become even more popular.,Sincerely yours,Li Hua,范文评析,Dear Editor-in-Chief,Congratulations on the 5th anniversary of Global Mirror!,Im a regular reader of your newspaper.I like it very much mainly for the following two reasons.First,it covers both national and international news so that,by simply turning the pages,I can learn all important things that have happened during the week.Equally attractive are the success stories of the world famous people,which help me understand how a person can work hard to make the world a better place.,As a student,I suggest that Global Mirror carry articles to guide us in our English learning,and I hope that it will become even more popular.,Sincerely yours,Li Hua,文章要点齐全，写作层次清楚，时态、语态正确，较好地完成了写作任务。作者能紧扣要点框架适当地增加细节，文中衔接词语，如,first,equally,and,as a young student,，等的使用使文章前后连贯，承接自然。,倒装句,(Equally attractive are the success stories of world famous people),，,非限定性定语从句,(which help me understand how a person can work hard to make the world a better place),及虚拟语气,(that Global Mirror carry articles to guide us in our English learning),等复杂句式的使用也给文章增色不少。,实例二（,2012,届江苏省石庄高级中学期末模拟考试）,据报道全球的平均气温在过去的五十年上升了大约,0.8,，地球变得越来越暖。为了倡导人们过低碳生活来保护我们的地球，现请你根据下表所提供的内容用英语写一篇短文，简要描述气候变化的人为因素及所造成的现象，并提出你的建议。,注意：,1.,短文必须包括以上所有的要点，并适当增加细节，以保证表达的连贯。,2.,词数：,150,词左右（开头已给出的单词不计入单词总数）。,3.,参考词汇：矿物燃料,fossil fuels,；二氧化碳,carbon dioxide,。,It is reported that the global average temperature has increased by about 0.8 in the past 50 years,from which we can draw a conclusion that,现象,海平面上升；,极端天气现象的增加。比如：有些地方过去雪量丰富，现在整个冬天却不见了下雪，而造成干旱；,自然平衡遭到破坏。,人为,因素,过多使用矿物燃料,；,过度砍伐森林,。,建议,考生自拟（至少两条）,该书面表达与实例一不同的是以提纲表格式提供写作材料的。,这种类型的书面表达具备以下特点：,1.,提纲表格式的提示涉及面广（如人物介绍、地点介绍、某种现象描述和评价等）；体裁多种多样（如议论文、记叙文、说明文、应用文等）；,2.,与看图作文不同，提纲表格式的提示需要表达的信息一般都比较明显，但有时需要理顺要点，切忌千篇一律，完全按照表格内容出现的先后顺序来写。应从语篇角度统筹安排所要表达的内容。必要时在表达顺序上可做适当调整，以使表达更具有逻辑性和连贯性。,3.,表格中通常是以不完整的汉语句子作为提示，既能够让考生获得命题人所要求的信息，又留给考生一定的发挥空间。,总体分析,做提纲表格式书面表达要特别注意的几点：,1.,注意格式,避免“填表式”表达,提纲表格式的提示题虽以表格作为提示,但要求以“短文”的形式,(,包,括不同文体,),来表达。答题时应注意不同文体的格式。切忌将短文,写成“履历表”。,例：时间：上周末,（被采访的）对象：眼科医生（,eye-doctor,）王教授,主题：我国中小学生近视（,short-sightedness,）问题,Time:last weekend,The interviewed person:an eye-doctor Professor Wang,Topic:the problem about our country primary and middle,students short-sightedness.,上述“填表式”的表达显得滑稽可笑，显然不符合高考书面表达的要求。正确的表达应为：,Last weekend,I had an interview with eye-doctor Professor Wang about our country primary and middle students short-sightedness.,2.,灵活变通，避免“硬译式”表达,首先，表格中的汉语提示简洁凝练，,概括性强，表达时切忌逐字逐句翻译，,简单罗列提示要点。必要时还要做灵活,调整或进行补充。这样做的目的是将所,要求写的内容准确、完整地表达出来。,例,罗列表达：,The time we spend in school every day is 9 hours and 3 to 4 hours to do our homework at home.The time to do outside activities is less and no enough time is for sleep every night.,灵活表达：,Every day I have to stay at school for nine hours to have lessons and spend at least three to four hours doing my homework at home.We teenagers are eager to play and enjoy ourselves,but we hardly have any time to do what we want.Besides,we dont even have enough sleep.,机械重复：,We have the pressure of examinations.We have too much homework to do.Our parents have high expectations of us.,灵活表达：,There seem to be three cases about the overload:the pressure of examinations,too much homework and high expectations from the parents.,其次，遇到较为抽象、复杂的汉语提示时,应善于变通，可采用转换手段将汉语提示中的“雅词妙句”转换为较为通俗的汉语，然后再用地道的英语将其表达出来,.,例,:,校园环境幽雅，绿树成荫,机械表达：,It is quiet in our school and there are a lot of,trees in it.,转换表达：,Our school is quiet with a lot of trees in it.,例,:,影响：广为人知，深受青睐,(,某英文报刊,),机械表达：,The newspaper is widely known and deeply,loved by people.,转换表达：,It is a well-known newspaper,which is very,popular with students and English learners.,最后，由于英语与汉语在表达上存有较大差异，,在用英语表达时应避免出现汉语式英语。,例：工厂发展情况：近十年发生巨变,错误表达：,In the past ten years the mill has,taken place great changes.,正确表达：,Great changes have taken place in,this mill in the past ten years.,3.,注意衔接，避免“单句式”表达,高考书面表达不同于单句翻译。有些同学表达时只注意了单个句子的完整性，而忽略了句子与句子之间的衔接以及整个语篇的连贯性，致使全文逻辑性不强，可读性差。,例：试比较：,原文：,60%of the students think that fees should not be charged,.40%of the students think that fees should be charged,.(,差,),修正：,Opinions are divided on the question.60%of the students are against the idea of entrance fee.On the other hand,40%think that fees should be charged,.,（好）,分析：原文缺少必要的过渡，句式重复，读起来单调、呆板；修正句巧妙地使用了过渡成分，前后连贯，结构紧凑。在表达方式上前后有所变化，因而表达的效果更好。,写作指导,一、认真审题，确立话题，归纳要点,通过审题，确定本文的话题为“地球变得越来越暖”。围绕这个话题，归纳出本文内容要点如下：,地球变得越来越暖；,倡导人们过低碳生活来保护我们的地球；,海平面上升；,极端天气现象的增加。比如：有些地方过去雪量丰富，现在整个冬天却不见了下雪，而造成干旱；,自然平衡遭到破坏；,过多使用矿物燃料,；,过度砍伐森林,；,建议（自拟）。,二、理顺要点，增加细节，连贯表达,本篇书面表达的文字提纲实际上不是按照表达顺序提供的，所以就要理顺要点。根据表达的逻辑性，我们将要点做如下的安排：,地球变得越来越暖；,过多使用矿物燃料,；,过度砍伐森林,；,海平面上升；,极端天气现象的增加。比如：有些地方过去雪量丰富，现在整个冬天却不见了下雪，而造成干旱；,自然平衡遭到破坏；,倡导人们过低碳生活来保护我们的地球；,建议（自拟）。,为了表达的连贯，还需要增加要点：,承接上文的“地球变得越来越暖”这个话题，增加的要点是：,地球变暖的主要原因是人为造成的；,“过多使用矿物燃料”所产生的后果：结合所学化学知识，增加的要点是：,产生大量的温室气体或二氧化碳；,“过度砍伐森林”所产生的后果：结合所学化学知识（树木吸收的是二氧化碳，放出的是氧气），增加的要点是：,意味着大量的二氧化碳不能转变成氧气。,三、化解难点，灵活表达，句能达意,本篇所给要点比较多，有些要点表达时还比较棘手。,1.,化解难点,过多使用矿物燃料,too much use of fossil fuels,use too many fossil fuels,overuse of fossil fuels,overuse fossil fuels,产生大量的温室气体或二氧化碳,produce a lot of greenhouse gases or carbon dioxide,release a lot of greenhouse gases or carbon dioxide,过度砍伐森林,cut down more and more forests,cut down too many forests,意味着大量的二氧化碳不能转变成氧气,mean that a lot of carbon dioxide cant be changed back into oxygen,mean that less carbon dioxide can be changed back into oxygen,cause less carbon dioxide to be changed back into oxygen,海平面上升,The sea level is rising.,The sea level keeps rising.,极端天气现象的增加,there be more extreme weather,witness/see more extreme weather,suffer a lot from more extreme weather,有些地方过去雪量丰富，现在整个冬天却不见了下雪，而造成干旱；,places which used to be abundant/rich in snowfall,used to be abundant/rich in snowfall in some places,there used to be no snow in winter,have frequently experienced snowfree(,无雪的,)winters,not snow at all in winter,cause/lead to draughts,自然平衡遭到破坏,cause much damage to the balance of nature,do much harm to the balance of nature,damage/harm the balance of nature very much,倡导人们过低碳生活来保护我们的地球,advocate to lead/live a low carbon life to protect our earth,encourage people to lead/live a low carbon life to save our earth,2.,变点为句,The earth is getting warmer and warmer.,The major reasons for global warming is due to human activities.,Too much use of fossil fuels produces greenhouse gases.,Cutting down more and more forests means that less carbon dioxide can be changed back into oxygen.,The sea level keeps rising.,People are suffering a lot from more extreme weather.,In some places which used to be abundant in snowfall there is no snow in winter,causing draughts.,Places which used to be abundant in snowfall have frequently experienced snowfree winters,causing draughts.,It is causing much damage to the balance of nature.,四、错落有致，连接恰当，发挥有度,提出自己的建议要围绕引起全球变暖的原因去展开。很显然要控,制二氧化碳的排放，如何控制？措施很多，但只要点到为止。比,如：采用新型能源代替矿物燃料；再一个可以顺手拈来的就是：,在日常生活中循环利用一切可以再利用的东西等。,We can we use new energy instead of fossil fuels to control the releasing of carbon dioxide.,We can be encouraged to recycle everything recyclable in our daily life.,最后加上一个总结性的句子。,In a word,only in this way can we make our earth a better place for our human beings.,连接恰当，整理成文,It is reported that the global average temperature has increased by about 0.8 in the past 50 years,from which we can draw a conclusion that,our earth is getting warmer and warmer.,As far as we know,the major reasons for global warming is due to human activities.,Firstly,too much use of fossil fuels produces greenhouse gases.,Moreover,cutting down more and more forests means that less carbon dioxide can be changed back into oxygen.,As a consequence of global warming,the sea level keeps rising.And people are suffering a lot from more extreme weather of global warming.,For example,places which used to be abundant in snowfall have frequently experienced snowfree winters,causing draughts.,The increase in temperature,is,also,causing much damage to the balance of nature.,We should advocate to lead a low carbon life to protect our earth.,Not only,can we use new energy instead of fossil fuels to control the releasing of carbon dioxide,but also,we can be encouraged to recycle everything recyclable in our daily life.In a word,only in this way can we make our earth a better place for our human beings.,