英美文化概论纯正英语版.pptx

Unit7BritishEducationSystemBritishEducationSystemIntroductionHistoryThePresentEducationSystemHigherEducationI.Introduction1.ThepurposeoftheBritisheducationsystemlnotonlytoprovidechildrenwithliteracyandtheotherbasicskillstheywillneedtobecomeactivemembersofsocietylbutalsotosocializechildren,learntherulesandvaluestheyneedtobecomegoodcitizens,toparticipateinthecommunity,andtocontributetotheeconomicprosperityofanadvancedindustrialeconomy.l中国社会主义的教育目的，是培养有社会主义觉悟、有文化的劳动者，培养社会主义建设所需要的各级各类人才。它明确规定了中国教育目的的社会主义性质和方向，指出了培养社会主义建设人才的基本要求。这个教育目的体现了马克思主义关于人的全面发展的思想。2.TherelationshipbetweeneducationandsocialclasslBritainisasocietyinwhichsocialclassisstillveryimportant.Classinequalitycanbeerasedorcontinuedaccordingtoeducationalpolicy.lInBritain,theschoolsyouattendaremarkersthatidentifyyoursocialclass.Theschooltieisaclearmarkerofsocialclass.lInBritain,whereyouareeducatedisstillveryimportanttoyourfuture.Forexample,the“right”universitieslikeOxfordandCambridge(Oxbridge),isstillthesinglebestwaytoguaranteeasuccessfulcareer.AgreatnumberofgraduatesofOxbridgedominategovernment,andareinfluentialinbanking,themedia,theartsandeducation.II.HistorylNowadays,theBritisheducationsystemisrunbythestate,whichprovidesfunding,andtriestomakesurethatallBritishchildrenreceiveaqualityeducation.Oneofthelargest,mostimportantgovernmentdepartmentistheMinistryofEducation.lHistorically,educationwasvoluntaryandmanyoftheschoolsthatexistedweresetupbychurches.Theinfluenceofthechurchonschoolingisstillstrong:untilveryrecently,religiouseducationwastheonlysubjectwhichthestateinsistedallschoolsteachtheirpupils.Dailyprayersandsinginghymnsisstillaregularpartofschoollife.l基督教是西方文明的象征和基石。英国的好多节日(如Christmas、Easterholiday)、大学的学期命名(如LentTerm，MichaelmasTerm)都与基督教密切相关。英国的好多著名大学，如剑桥大学，其前身，实质上就是教会学校，培养传教士、宣扬神学、维护王权是其最初的目的。MorningprayerandGraceaftermealstakesplaceeverydayandonFridayschildrenenjoyaspiritualassemblyexperience.GreatchangesinBritisheducationalsystemaftertheIndustrialRevolutionlBefore1870,only40%ofchildrenunder10wenttoschoolregularly.Themainreceiversofamoreadvancededucationwasthesonsofthewealthy.lIn1870,alawwaspassedtocallforgovernmentfundededucation.lBy1880,attendanceatschoolforchildrenbetween5and10wascompulsory.1944EducationActlAfterWWII,aneweducationalsystememphasizingequalitywasconstructedwiththeassistanceofchurchandnewlypowerfultradeunions.lIn1944theEducationAct,whichmadeentrytosecondaryschoolsanduniversitiesmeritocratic(选择具备才能和高智力的人)tomakesuremorechildrenhadaccesstoagoodeducation.Childrenentertheschoolsnotbecauseoftheirsocialclassortheirparentspossession,butfortheabilitiestheydisplay.lInthe1960s,comprehensiveschools(综合学校)wasintroduced,providingbothacademicandpracticalsubjects.Itendedthedivisionbetweengrammarschoolsandvocationalschools.(Themostacademicallycapablepupilsweresenttogrammarschoolstobepreparedforuniversity,whilelesssuccessfulpupilsweresenttovocationalschoolstolearntrades.)lEntranceexamswereabolishedandallchildrencouldhavechancetoenterit.l【义务教育（义务教育（compulsoryeducation）】l1986年4月我国颁布了中华人民共和国义务教育法。这是我国首次把免费的义务的教育用法律的形式固定下来，也就是说适龄的“儿童和少年”必须接受9年的义务教育。义务教育法的制定标志着我国基础教育发展到一个新阶段。In1989,NationalCurriculumwereintroduced,whichcontainedEnglish,mathematics,science,religiouseducation,history,geography,technology,music,art,PE,andamodernforeignlanguage.Pupilsmustpassnationaltests.Allteachersaretoldwhattoteachratherthandecidethemselvesonwhattodoandschoolsarerankedaccordingtothesuccessoftheirpupilsinreachingnationaltargetsaswellasteachersperformingoftheirtasks.III.ThepresentEducationSystemCompulsory:Childrenarelegallyobligedtoattendschoolfromtheageof5to16.lFreeChoices:Parentscanchoosestateschoolsorprivateschoolsfortheirchildren.Almost93%ofpupilsreceivefreeeducationfromthepublicsector.Stateschoolsarefundedbylocalandcentralgovernment,whileprivateschools(independentschools)arefundedbyprivatesectorandtuitionrates,withsomegovernmentassistance.l InBritaintheacademicyearisdividedintothreetermsofabouttwelveweekseach.lTheeducationsystemintheUKisdividedintofourmainparts,primaryeducation,secondaryeducation,furthereducationandhighereducation.ChildrenintheUKhavetolegallyattendprimaryandsecondaryeducationwhichrunsfromabout5yearsolduntilthestudentis16yearsold.NurserySchoolsorkindergartenuptoage5,childrenmayhavesomepre-primaryschoolinginanurseryschool,daycareorplaygroups.Manyfacilitiesareprovidedbyprivateenterprise.Governmentalsoprovidessomefinancialsupport.PrimarySchoolsChildrenbetween5-11gotostatesectorprimaryschool,theseschoolsarealsocalledco-educationalormixedschoolsbecausetheyadmitbothboysandgirls.AnexampleofPrimarySchoolUniformWinterUniformSchooltieGreyskirts,orgreyschooltrousers(straightleg)WhiteshirtorblouseBottlegreenpullover(optionalschoollogo)BlackShoes(heelsnomorethan2.5cm）SummerUniformBoysSchooltieShortsleevewhiteshirtGreyshortsortrousersBlackorwhiteShoes,brownorblacksandals(heelsnomorethan2.5cm)GirlsGreenandwhitestripesorgreenandwhitecheck(方格图案)BlackorwhiteShoes,brownorblacksandals(heelsnomorethan2.5cm)SecondarySchoolslComprehensiveschools(综合学校综合学校)From11to19,studentsattendsecondaryschools.About90%ofsecondaryschoolsarecomprehensiveschoolswhichadmitchildrenwithoutreferencetotheiracademicabilities;providegeneraleducation.Pupilscanstudyeverythingfromacademicsubjecttomorepracticalsubjects.ForeignlanguagesaretaughtasanintegralpartoftheNationalCurriculum,reflectingtheimportanceofBritainsrelationshipwithEurope.lGrammarSchools(selectingchildren)Thosechildrenwhodonotattendcomprehensiveschoolsattendgrammarschoolsinstead.Grammarschoolsselectchildren,usuallyattheageof11,throughanexaminationcalled“the11-plus”.Thosechildrenwiththehighestmarksgotogrammarschools.Theseschoolslayemphasison advancedacademicsubjects ratherthanthemoregeneralcurriculumofthecomprehensiveschoolsandexpectmanyoftheirpupilstogoontouniversities.Butrecently,suchgrammarschoolsarebecomingincreasinglyrare.GCSEGeneralCertificateofSecondaryEducation中学毕业证书中学毕业证书lAfter5yearsofsecondaryeducation,(atabouttheageof16)studentssittheirGCSEexams.Basedontheseresults,pupilsthendecidewhatavenueofeducationtheywouldliketofollow.Theyhaveanumberofchoices,theycandecidetoquitschoolandfindajob;ortheycanpreparetositexamsforuniversityentrance;ortheycanconcentrateonvocationaltraining.GCEAGeneralCertificateofEducation-Advanced（高级水平测试结业证书）lPupilswhohopetoattenduniversitycarryontheiracademicstudyforafurthertwoyearsandthensitA-levelexams(GeneralCertificateofEducation-Advanced).Mostpupilstrytoachieve3or4A-levelsinthesubjectstheyaremostproficientat.l英国文凭介绍：英国文凭介绍：l普通中学教育证书普通中学教育证书GCSE：l16岁时参加这个考试，获得中学文凭。此课程一年至两年，为一般基础课程，然后升高中的继续读高级证书A-LEVEL及其他课程。准备就业的则进入职业培训学校。l高级水平考试高级水平考试A-LEVEL：l是准备进入大学深造的学生通过GCSE后的大学预科班。经过一年至两年的学习，通过A-LEVEL，即可申请读大学。A-LEVEL是中学和大学的衔接课程，其考试成绩也是中学升入大学的考核标准。lGNVQGeneralNationalVocationalQualifications（国家专业资格证书）ItsequivalentofA-levels.Pupilswhodecidenottouniversitymaychoosetotakevocationaltraining.HigherEducationBritishuniversitiesarepublicbodieswhichreceivefundsfromcentralgovernment.TheUKhasonlyoneprivately-fundeduniversity-theUniversityofBuckingham.LongHistoryHighereducationhasalonghistoryintheUK.OxfordandCambridgedatefromthe12thand13thCentury.St.Andrews,Glasgow,EdinburghandAberdeenfromthe14thand15thcentury.Therestin19thand20thcentury.By1994,Britainhad83universities.lBeijingUniversitywasfoundedonMay4th,1898,soithasahistoryof110years.ThefirstpresidentwasCaiYuanpei.lNowSDUhas113yearshistory.FeaturesofUniversitieslUniversitycampusesarefullofpeopleofdifferentagesandnationalitiesstudyingmanydifferentthings.lInrecentyears,greateffortshavebeenmadetoincreasethenumbersandkindsofpeoplethatpursuehighereducation.OpenUniversitylOpenUniversitywasfoundedinBritaininthe1960sforanypeoplewhohasnoformaleducationalqualificationstonormaluniversitiesorgetnoopportunityforhighereducationforeconomicandsocialreasons.lIntheOpenUniversityinEnglandittakes3yearsfulltimestudytogetthefirstdegreeforanopenuniversitylearner;4yearsinScotland.lUniversitycoursesarefollowedthroughTV,radio,correspondence,videosandanetworkofstudycenters.AttheendoftheirstudiesattheOpenUniversity,successfulstudentsareawardedauniversitydegree.TypesofdegreeslBA(BachelorofArts)orBSc(BachelorofScience)lMA(MasterofArts)orMSc(MasterofScience)lPhD(DoctorofPhilosophy)lkindergartenlprimaryschoollcomprehensiveschoolslsecondaryeducationlgrammarschoolslA-levellFurthereducationvocationaltrainingschoolnormaluniversitylhighereducationlOpenuniversitylUniversitiesintheUKlOxford牛津大学牛津大学loxfordisauniqueandhistoricinstitution.lstudentstheuniversityofoxfordstotalstudentpopulationnumbersisjustover16,100(studentsinresidence,1998-9).Almostaquarterofthesestudentsarefromoverseas,includingthecountriesoftheEuropeanunion.Morethan130nationalitiesarerepresentedamongthestudentbody.Almost5,000studentsareengagedinpostgraduatework.Ofthese,around3,000areworkingintheartsandhumanities.l牛津产生了4位英国国王，46位诺贝尔奖获得者，25位英国首相，3位圣人，86位大主教以及18位红衣主教。lTOEFL600分，IELTS7.5分l雅思IELTS考试，即国际英语语言测试系统(InternationalEnglishLanguageTestingSystem)，主要测试在英语国家学习或生活的考生的语言能力，内容涵盖听力、阅读、写作和口语四项语言技能。主办方：IELTS考试由剑桥大学考试委员会、英国文化协会及澳大利亚教育国际开发署：IELTS澳大利亚，所共同拥有。在中国，英国文化协会和澳大利亚IDP教育组织共同组成中国IELTS网络，负责管理在中国的IELTS考试。l9分是满分。6分的雅思等於是英语六级的水平l托福TOEFL（TestofEnglishasaForeignLanguage-作为外语的英语考试）是由美国教育考试服务处（EducationalTestingService）举办的为申请去美国或加拿大等国家上大学或入研究生院学习的非英语国家学生提供的一种英语水平考试。美国教育考试服务处由1965年开始承办此项考试的管理工作。l总分为677，其中阅读67分，听力68分，语法68分总和乘以10除以三。l新托福的满分为：120一般名校要求托福为100以上lGRE考试是研究生的入学考试，它适用于除了法律（需参加LSAT考试）与商业（需参加GMAT考）以外的各种学科与专业的研究生考试。GRE考试分为两种，一种是普通GRE考试（GREGeneral），也就是大部分中国学生参加的GRE考试。另一种是专项GRE考试(GRESubject)。参加GRE专项考试的中国考生并非很多，因为大多数美国院校不要求提供专项GRE成绩，只要求普通GRE成绩。但申请研究生专业与申请人本科专业不一致的申请人，是需要提供专项GRE成绩的。CambridgelTheUniversityofCambridgeisoneoftheoldestuniversitiesintheworld,andoneofthelargestintheUnitedKingdom.Ithasaworld-widereputationforoutstandingacademicachievementandthehighqualityofresearchundertakeninawiderangeofscienceandartssubjects.TheUniversitypioneersworkintheunderstandingofdisease,thecreationofnewmaterials,advancesintelecommunicationsandresearchintotheoriginsoftheuniverse.lIttrainsdoctors,architects,engineersandteachers.AtalllevelsabouthalfofthestudentsatCambridgestudyartsandhumanitiessubjects,manyofwhomhavegoneontobecomeprominentfiguresinthearts,printandbroadcastmedia.TheUniversitysachievementsinthesciencescanbemeasuredbythesixtyormoreNobelPrizesawardedtoitsmembersovertheyears.l20世纪以来，剑桥仍旧是人才辈出，包括78位诺贝尔奖的获得者，三任英国首相。在著名学者和名人中，有凯恩斯经济学派的创始人凯恩斯，有数学家和分析哲学的创始人罗素，传记家和评论家史特拉赛，短篇小说家福斯特，生物化学家和科学史家李约瑟等都出于剑桥大学。中国学者蔡翘、赵忠尧、王竹溪、华罗庚、戴文赛、王应睐、伍连德、丁文江、曹天钦等，作家肖乾、叶君健、徐志摩等都是剑桥大学校友。印度前任总理尼赫鲁、拉吉夫甘地，马来西亚前总理赫曼，新加坡前总理李光耀等也都是剑桥校友。lIELTS7.0TOEFL600ImperialCollLondonUK英国伦敦帝国学院lImperialCollegeLondonUK:Foundedin1907,作为一个专致于科学的大学，帝国学院在英国享作为一个专致于科学的大学，帝国学院在英国享有和麻省理工在美国所享有的声誉有和麻省理工在美国所享有的声誉,其研究水平被其研究水平被公认为在英国大学三甲之列。拥有大约公认为在英国大学三甲之列。拥有大约2800名研名研究人员，其中究人员，其中53名为皇家院士名为皇家院士(FellowofRoyalSociety),57名为皇家工程学院院士（名为皇家工程学院院士（FellowsoftheRoyalAcademyofEngineering)。同时帝。同时帝国学院过去的成员中，有国学院过去的成员中，有16个诺贝尔奖和个诺贝尔奖和2个费尔个费尔兹奖得主。兹奖得主。lIELTS7.0以上EdinburghUniversity英国爱丁堡大学英国爱丁堡大学lfoundedin1583,在过去的几百年历史中在过去的几百年历史中为世界科技发展作出了巨大贡献。例如人为世界科技发展作出了巨大贡献。例如人工智能系统，是欧洲人工智能研究中心，工智能系统，是欧洲人工智能研究中心，是人工智能发展的先锋。是人工智能发展的先锋。l申请条件：IELTS6.5-7.0TOEFL550lBristolUK布里斯托尔Foundedin1876,六人获诺贝尔奖牛津大学津大学 剑桥大学剑桥大学 伦敦大学 利物浦大学曼切斯特大学诺丁汉大学 伯明汉大学 OxfordUniversityCambridgeUniversityUniversityofLondonUniversityofLiverpoolUniversityofManchesterUniversityofNottinghamUniversityofBirminghaml爱丁堡大学lEdinburghUniversity阿斯顿大学lAstonUniversity格拉斯哥大学lUniversityofGlasgow格林威治大学lUniversityofGreenwich谢菲尔德大学lUniversityofSheffieldl北爱尔兰大学lUniversityofUlster