语言学概论考试重点-选择-填空-判断.doc

31. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be __C____
A. prescriptive B. analytic C. descriptive D. linguistic
32.Which of the following is not a design feature of human language? D
A. Arbitrariness B. Displacement C. Duality D. Meaningfulness
33. Modern linguistics regards the written language as __C___
A. primary B. correct C. secondary D. stable
34. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writing, because __D_________.
A. in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing
B. speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed.
C. speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue
D. All of the above
35. A historical study of language is a _B__study of language. A. synchronic B. diachronic C. prescriptive D. comparative
36.Saussure took a (n)___A_______ view of language, while Chomsky looks at language from a ________ point of view.
A. sociological…psychological B. psychological…sociological
C. applied… pragmatic D.semantic and linguistic
37. According to F. de Saussure, _C___ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.
A. parole B. performance C. langue D. Language
38. Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between _______B__ and meanings.
A. sense B. sounds C. objects D. ideas
39. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This feature is called___A______,
A. displacement B. duality C. flexibility D. cultural transmission
40.The details of any language system is passed on from one generation to the next through _D__, rather than by instinct.
A. learning B. teaching C. books D. both A and B

Chapter 2
35． Of all the speech organs, the ___C____ is/ are the most flexible.
A. mouth B. lips C. tongue D. vocal cords
36．The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are __A__ sounds.
A. voiceless B. voiced C. vowel D. consonantal
37．____B______ is a voiced alveolar stop.
A. /z/ B. /d/ C. /k/ D./b/
38．The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones ___D_________.
A. identical B. same C. exactly alike D. similar 39．Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can distinguish meaning, they are said to be _____A______.
A. in phonemic contrast B. in complementary distribution
C. the allophone D. minimal pair
40．The sound /f/ is _______D__________.
A. voiced palatal affricate B. voiced alveolar stop
C. voiceless velar fricative D. voiceless labiodental fricative
41. A __C__ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position.
A. back B. central C. front D. middle
42. Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called C____.
A. phonetic components B. immediate constituents C. suprasegmental features D. semantic features 43. A(n) ______D_____ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features.
A. phone B. sound C. allophone D. phoneme
44． The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the _D___ of that phoneme.
A. phones B. sounds C. phonemes D. allophones
Chapter 3
21. The morpheme “vision” in the common word “television” is a(n) ____D__.
A. bound morpheme B. bound form
C. inflectional morpheme D. free morpheme
22. The compound word “bookstore” is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning of a compound ______D____.
A. is the sum total of the meaning of its components
B. can always be worked out by looking at the meanings of morphemes
C. is the same as the meaning of a free phrase.
D. None of the above.
23. The part of speech of the compounds is generally determined by the part of speech of ___B_______.
A. the first element B. the second element
C. either the first or the second element D. both the first and the second elements.
24. ___B____ are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.
A. Free morphemes B. Bound morphemes C. Bound words D. Words

25. _____C____ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.
A. Syntax B.Grammar C. Morphology D. Morpheme
26.The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is ___C___.
A. lexical B. morphemic C. grammatical D. semantic
27. Bound morphemes are those that _____D______.
A. have to be used independently B. can not be combined with other morphemes
C. can either be free or bound D. have to be combined with other morphemes.
28. ___A_ modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.
A. Prefixes B. Suffixes C. Roots D. Affixes
29. ____ B____ are often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of language by the linguists.
A. Words B. Morphemes C. Phonemes D. Sentences
30. “-s” in the word “books” is __C_____.
A. a derivative affix B. a stem C. an inflectional affix D. a root

Chapter 4
25. A sentence is considered __D__ when it does not conform to the grammatical knowledge in the mind of native speakers.
A. right B. wrong C. grammatical D. ungrammatical
26. A ____D______ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.
A. coordinator B. particle C. preposition D. subordinator
27. Phrase structure rules have _A___ properties.
A. recursive B. grammatical C. social D. functional
28. Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand ___D__________.
A. how words and phrases form sentences.
B. what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of words
C. how people produce and recognize possible sentences
D. All of the above.
29. Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called ___A_____.
A. transformational rules B. generative rules C. phrase structure rules D. x-bar theory
30. The theory of case condition accounts for the fact that ____A______.
A. noun phrases appear only in subject and object positions.
B. noun phrases can be used to modify another noun phrase
C. noun phrase can be used in adverbial positions
D. noun phrase can be moved to any place if necessary.
31. The sentence structure is _____D___.
A. only linear B. Only hierarchical C. complex D. both linear and hierarchical
32. The syntactic rules of any language are _C_ in number.
A. large B. small C. finite D. infinite
33. The _____D___ rules are the rules that group words and phrases to form grammatical sentences.
A. lexical B. morphological C. linguistic D. combinational
34.______B_ rules may change the syntactic representation of a sentence.
A. Generative（可生性） B. Transformational（转换性） C. X-bar D. Phrase structure

Chapter 5
21. The naming theory is advanced by __A______.
A. Plato B. Bloomfield C. Geoffrey Leech D. Firth
22. “We shall know a word by the company it keeps.” This statement represents ____B___.
A. the conceptualist概念论者 view B. contexutalism C. the naming theory D.behaviourism 行为主义
22.
23.
23. Which of the following is not true? D
A. Sense is concerned with the inherent固有的，内在的 meaning of the linguistic form.
B. Sense is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form.
C. Sense is abstract and de-contextualized.
D. Sense is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are not interested in.
24. “Can I borrow your bike?” _____D__ “ You have a bike.”
A. is synonymous with B. is inconsistent with C. entails D. presupposes
25. _______B____ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features.
A. Predication analysis B. Componential analysis C. Phonemic analysis D. Grammatical analysis
26. “alive” and “dead” are ______C________.
A. gradable antonyms B. relational opposites C. complementary antonyms D. None of the above
27. ____A_____ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.
A. Reference B. Concept C. Semantics D. Sense
28. ______C_____ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form. A. Polysemy B. Synonymy C. Homonymy D. Hyponymy
29. Words that are close in meaning are called _______D_______.
A. homonyms B. polysemy C. hyponyms D. synonyms
30. The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by ___A____.
A. grammatical rules B. selectional restrictions C. semantic rules D. semantic features

Chapter 6
25. __A_______ does not study meaning in isolation, but in context. A. Pragmatics B. Semantics C. Sense relation D. Concept
26. The meaning of language was considered as something ___C____ in traditional semantics语义学.
A. Contextual上下文的 B. Behaviouristic行动主义的 C. intrinsic 固有的 D. logical 27. What essentially distinguishes semantics语义学 and pragmatics语用学 is whether in the study of meaning __D_______ is considered.
A. reference B. speech act C. practical usage实际使用 D. context
28. A sentence is a ___B______ concept, and the meaning of a sentence is often studied in isolation孤立.
26. A. pragmatic B. grammatical C. mental D. conceptual 29. If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter完全的，彻底的 in the course of communication, it becomes a(n) __C_______.
A. constative B. directive C. utterance D. expressive
30. Which of the following is true? B
A. Utterances usually do not take the form of sentences.
B. Some utterances言论 cannot be restored to complete sentences.
C. No utterances can take the form of sentences.
D. All utterances can be restored to complete sentences.
31. Speech act theory言语行为理论 did not come into being until _____A_____.
A. in the late 50’s of the 20the century B. in the early 1950’s
C. in the late 1960’s D. in the early 21st century. 32. _______C___ is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence推论，重要性 of, or the change brought about by the utterance说话方式.
A. A locutionary act说话行为 B. An illocutionary act 言外行为
C. A perlocutionary act言后行为 D. A performative 施为功能act
33. According to Searle瑟尔, the illocutionary point of the representative is ____B__.
A. to get the hearer to do something
B. to commit the speaker to something’s being the case
C. to commit the speaker to some future course of action
D. to express the feelings or attitude towards an existing state of affairs.
34. All the acts that belong to the same category share the same purpose, but they differ ____C____.
A. in their illocutionary acts.
B. in their intentions expressed
C. in their strength or force
D. in their effect brought about
35. ____A______ is advanced by Paul Grice保罗·格莱斯
A. Cooperative Principle 合作原则
B. Politeness Principle 礼貌原则
C. The General Principle of Universal Grammar 普遍语法的一般原则 D. Adjacency Principle 邻近原理
36. When any of the maxims under the cooperative principle is flouted嘲笑，藐视, _____D__ might arise. A.impoliteness B. contradictions C.mutual understanding D. conversational implicatures 会话含意
1. Affixes are of two types: inflectional affixes and derivative affixes.
2．Tone are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords and which can distinguish meaning just like phonemes.
26. Chomsky defines “ competence” as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language.
22.Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions and application of the rules.
27. Duality is one of the design features of human language which refers to the phenomenon that language consists of two levels: a lower level of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of meaningful units.
24.Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.
25. The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of words into permissible sentences in languages is called syntax
26. Human capacity for language has a genetic basis, but the details of language have to be taught and learned.
27. Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use.
28. Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to
the settlement of some practical problems. The study of such applications is generally known as applied linguistics.
29.Language is productive in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. In other words, they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences which they have never heard before.
30. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.
21.A spiration refers to a strong puff of air stream in the production of speech sounds.
22．Articulatory phonetics describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech sounds and how they differ.
23．The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, i.e., they are all bilabial sounds.
24．Of all the speech organs, the tongue is the most flexible, and is responsible for arieties of articulation than any other.
25．English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or in terms of place of articulation.
26．When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again is called a stop.
27．Suprasegmental features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. They include stress, tone, intonation, etc.
28． The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called sequential rules.
29．The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broad transcription while the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called narrow transcription.
30．When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation.
31．Phonology is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particular language and how sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic communication.