语法专题突破专题九介词和介词短语.doc

介词又叫前置词。一般放在名词、代词或动名词的前面。介词是虚词，主要用来表示人、物、事件等与其他人、物、事件之间的关系，如空间位置、时间先后、因果关系、方式方法等。介词与其宾语构成介词短语。可作介词宾语的主要有名词、代词、动名词(或动名词短语)、名词性从句等。

介词辨析
(1)against
(表示方位)倚靠着……； (表示态度)反对；(表示对比)以……为背景
An agreement seems to be impossible because the majority of the committee members are against it.(2012·陕西卷)
看来意见达成一致是不可能了，因为大多数委员会成员都表示反对。
(2)off
(表示位置)在……的外面，在……的沿海； (表示方向)偏离；从……离开
The Well Hotel stands in a quiet place off the main road at the far end of the lake.(2012·辽宁卷)
Well Hotel坐落于湖尽头的大路附近一个非常安静的地方。
(3)over
(表示位置)在……的正上方；在……的上面； (表示方向)越过；(表示等级或数目)高于，在……之上，超过；(表示时间或过程)在……期间
I'm sorry I didn't phone you, but I've been very busy over the past couple of weeks.(2011·山东卷)
很抱歉我没有给您打电话，但是在过去的两周里我一直很忙。
(4)beyond
(表示位置)在……另一边；在……更远处； (表示程度)超出； 非……所能及
Everybody was touched beyond words after they heard her moving story.(2009·全国卷Ⅰ)
听了她感人的故事，大家都被感动的无以言表。
(5)with
(表示关系)和……在一起 ；(表示状态)具有，带有；(表示方式)用……；凭借…… ；(表示对象)关于 ……；(表示伴随)随着；(表示原因)由于，因为
The dictionary is what I want, but I don't have enough money with me.(2010·重庆卷)
这本词典是我想要的东西，但我身上没带那么多钱。
(6)through
(表示位置)穿过；(表示时间)整个……；(表示手段、媒介)依据，经由
Graduation is a good time to thank those who have helped you through the tough years.(2010·重庆卷)
毕业时是向那些在艰难岁月里帮助过你的人表示感谢的好机会。　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
高考体验
1．(2013·新课标卷Ⅱ)A serious study of physics is impossible________some knowledge of mathematics.
A．against B．before
C．beyond D．without
答案　D　[考查介词辨析。句意：没有一些数学知识，不可能有严谨的物理研究。without在此表示条件。]
2．(2013·新课标卷Ⅰ)It was a real race ________time to get the project done.Luckily, we made it.
A．over B．by C．for D．against
答案　D　[考查介词辨析。句意：为了完成这个项目，我们简直是在和时间赛跑啊。幸运的是，我们作到了。against表示“与……比赛”，符合句意。]
3．(2012·北京卷)Do you think this shirt is too tight ________the shoulders?
A．at B．on C．to D．across
答案　D　[考查介词。句意：你觉得这件衬衣的肩部是不是太紧了？across表示“从一边到另一边”，符合句意。]

固定搭配中介词(短语)的考查是重点，主要包括与动词、名词、形容词的搭配。因此多留意一些短语中介词的使用非常重要。介词的固定搭配考查有两种：一是考查固定搭配中的介词；二是考查介词短语。近五年考查到的介词(短语)的固定搭配有：
(1)in
in the meanwhile 同时
in the way 阻挡
in time 及时；最终
in detail 详细地
in favour of 同意
in case 以免；万一
in return 作为回报
in exchange for 用以交换……
(2)for
be praised for 因为……受到表扬
for life 终生
for the benefit of 为了……的利益
as for 就……而论；关于
be trained for 被训练为……
for lack of 由于缺乏……
(3)of
of ＋ great / much＋抽象名词
(4)on
on behalf of 代表
on the contrary 相反
on condition that 以……作为条件
(5)with
have an appointment with 与……有约会
with regard to 关于
(6)above
above average 在平均数以上
above all 首先；最重要的是
(7)by
by chance 偶然；碰巧
by name 用名字
by the dozen 按打(出售)
(8)from
apart from 除……之外
far from 远非
(9)against
warn sb against (doing) sth 警告某人不要作某事
(10) out of
out of place 不在合适的位置；不适当的
(11) to
To one's delight/ surprise/ horror/ sorrow/ joy / regret...
I have an appointment with Dr. Smith, but I need to change it.(2013·陕西卷)
我和史密斯先生有个约会，但我需要改一下。
You can change your job；you can move house, but friendship is meant to be for life.(2012·安徽卷)
你可以换工作，可以搬家，但友谊却可以终生受用。
Nothing is so easy as for parents raise their expectations of their children too high.(2012·福建卷)
没有什么比父母过多的提高对孩子的期望值更容易的了。
The camel is of great help to the Arab＝The camel is very helpful to the Arab.
骆驼对阿拉伯人非常有帮助。
高考体验　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
1．(2013·山东卷)The Smiths are praised ________the way they bring up their children.
A．from B．by C．at D．for
答案　D　[考查介词。句意：史密斯夫妇因其教养孩子的方式而受到赞扬。be praised for ...是固定搭配，意为“因……而受到赞扬”。]
2．(2013·江苏卷)I am always delighted when I receive an email from you.________the party on July 1st I shall be pleased to attend.
A．On account of B．In response to
C．In view of D．With regard to
答案　D　[考查介词短语辨析。句意：收到你的电子邮件，我总是很开心。至于七月一日的聚会，我很乐意参加。根据句意可知，with regard to“关于，至于”正确。on account of“由于，因为”；in response to“响应，对……有反应”；in view of“鉴于，考虑到”。]
3．(2013·辽宁卷)________everyone here, I wish you a pleasant journey back to your country.
A．By means of B．On behalf of
C．In search of D．For fear of
答案　B　[考查介词短语辨析。句意：我代表在场的所有人祝您归国旅途愉快。on behalf of“代表”，符合句意。by means of“借助……手段”；in search of“寻找”；for fear of“唯恐”。]

一、近义介词和介词短语辨析
高考体验
1．(2013·安徽卷)If parents have children help with housework, the children will feel needed.________， they will learn to take care of themselves.
A．On the contrary B．In a word
C．That is to say D．What's more
答案　D　[考查短语辨析。句意：如果父母让孩子帮助作家务，孩子们会感觉自己被需要。而且他们还能学会照顾自己。what's more而且；on the contrary与此相反；in a word总之；that is to say那就是说。根据句意前后表示递进关系可知选D。]
2．(2013·湖北卷)An artist who was recently traveling on a ferry to the southern island discovered ________a long lost antique Greek vase.
A．at random B．by chance
C．in turn D．on occasion
答案　B　[考查介词短语辨析。句意：最近一个坐船到南方岛屿去旅行的艺术家偶然发现了一个丢失很久的古希腊花瓶。A项“任意地，随便地”；B项“偶然地”；C项“依次，反过来”；D项“有时，偶尔”。根据句意可知选B项。]
3．(2013·陕西卷)The manager wants to see changes in the company, and I am sure he will________.
A．in particular B．in turn
C．in charge D．in time
答案　D　[考查介词短语辨析。句意：经理想看看公司的变化，我相信他迟早会看到的。in particular尤其，特别；in turn依次，轮流；in charge负责，掌管；in time及时，迟早，最终。根据句意，应选D。]
二、貌似分词的介词
(1)concerning：意为“关于”、“就……来说”(with regard to，with reference to)，一般用于较正式的文体或场合。
We still have no information concerning her whereabouts.
关于她的下落，我们仍无消息。
(2)considering：意为“考虑到”或“鉴于”，“就……而论”(taking...into consideration，in view of)。
Considering her age，she looks quite young.就她的年龄而论，她显得十分年轻。
(3)regarding意为“关于，至于”(with reference to，about)。
Similar statements may be made regarding the properties of sound waves.
关于声波的性质也可以作类似的说明。
We have confidence regarding the future of reform.
关于改革的前途，我们是有信心的。
(4)owing to意为“因为、由于”(because of，on account of)。
Owing to the drought，crops are short.因为天旱收成不好。
Owing to the rain，the basketball game has been cancelled.因为下雨，这场篮球赛已被取消了。
(5)given如果考虑到，假定
Given their inexperience，they have done a good job.
考虑到他们缺乏经验，这个工作他们作得不错。
(6)judging from / by ( ＝to judge by )“由……来判断”，用作介词。
Judging from / by what he said, he must be an honest man.由他所说的来判断，他一定是个诚实的人。
Judging from / by his accent, he must be from Guangdong province.
从他的口音来判断，他一定来自广东。
高考体验
1．________that she has no experience, she has done well.
A．Consider B．Considered
C．To consider D．Considering
答案　D　[考查介词辨析。句意：尽管他缺乏经验，他表现还是比较好的。]
2．________that they are fresh from university, the young people have done a good job.
A．Given B．Because
C．Giving D．As
答案　A　[考查介词辨析。句意：尽管他们刚毕业，这些年轻人干的很好。]
3．________that she's legally old to get married, I don't see how you can stop her.
A．See B．If C．Seen D．Seeing
答案　D　[考查介词辨析。句意：因为她到了合法结婚的年龄，什么也不能阻止她。]
4．________his age, he did it quite well, so don't ________him any more.
A．Considered; say B．Given; blame
C．To regard; scold D．Considering; speak
答案　B　[考查介词辨析。句意：考虑到他的年龄，他表现很好，所以不要责备他了。]

1．Look at this year's sales figures________last year's; they're much better.
A．against B．from
C．with D．between
答案　A　[句意：看看今年与去年的销量对比，今年要好多了。此处against表示对比，意为“以……为背景”。]
2．—Have you made an apology ________him ________breaking his window?
—Yes, I have.
A．for; to B．to; to
C．for; for D．to; for
答案　D　[考查短语make an apology to sb for sth“因为某事向某人道歉”。句意：“你打坏了他的窗子向他道歉了吗？”“是的，我道歉了。”]
3．He handed in the essay two days later than his classmates, but it was still ________ the time limit set by the teacher.
A．beyond B．within
C．outside D．to
答案　B　[句意：他比他的同学交作文晚了两天，但仍在老师规定的期限内。within“在……之内”符合题意。]
4．The Chinese agricultural tax wasn't completely abolished ________2006, which reduced the farmers' burden greatly.
A．until B．before C．since D．after
答案　A　[句意：中国的农业税到2006年全部废除，这大大减轻了农民的负担。考查not ... until ...结构，意为“直到……才……”。]
5．After graduation, Frank often thought of those who had helped him________his school life.
A．of B．across C．at D．through
答案　D　[句意：毕业后，弗朗克经常想起那些帮他经历了学校生活的人们。此处through意为“经历，度过”，符合题意。]
6．Parents are advised to take pressure________their children and give them some encouragement before an exam.
A．off B．over C．from D．to
答案　A　[句意：建议父母在考试前给孩子们减压，并且给他们一些鼓励。take ... off/out of意为“把……从……中除去”。]
7．________contents, Mo Yan frequently writes about his own hometown, Gaomi, Shandong Province.
A．In terms of B．Regardless of
C．According to D．In addition to
答案　A　[句意：就内容来说，莫言经常写到他的家乡，山东省的高密。in terms of“就……而言”；regardless of“无论；不管”；according to“按照”；in addition to“除……之外还……”。]
8．No one can possibly know________when an earthquake will strike.
A．in vain B．in return
C．in advance D．in danger
答案　C　[句意：没有人预先知道地震什么时候爆发。in vain“徒劳地”；in return“作为回报”；in advance“预先；提前”；in danger“处于危险之中”。]
9．To enjoy the scenery, Bob would spend long time on the train________travel by air.
A．other than B．apart from
C．instead of D．rather than
答案　D　[句意：为了欣赏风景，鲍勃愿意坐花时间长的火车，而不愿作飞机旅行。other than“除……之外”；apart from“除……之外(还)……”，两者皆不合题意。instead of 与rather than都表示“而不是”，但instead of 后不能跟动词原形，故选D。]
10．—How did he lose so much weight?
—________eating less, he walked ten miles every day.
A．In terms of B．In spite of
C．In addition to D．With regard to
答案　C　[句意：“他如何减了这么多体重？”“除了少吃外，他每天步行10英里。”in terms of“就……而言”；in spite of“尽管”；in addition to“除……之外还……”；with regard to“关于；有关”。]