托福阅读――指代题(十三).pdf

智 课 网 托 福 备 考 资 料托福阅读指代题（十三）Infantile AmnesiaWhat do you remember about your life before you werethree?Few people can remember anything that happened tothem in their early years.Adults memories of the next few yearsalso tend to be scanty.Most people remember only a feweventsusually ones that were meaningful and distinctive,suchas being hospitalized or a siblings birth.How might this inability to recall early experiences beexplained?The sheer passage of time does not account for it;adults have excellent recognition of pictures of people whoattended high school with them 35 years earlier.Anotherseemingly plausible explanationthat infants do not formenduring memories at this point in developmentalso isincorrect.Children two and a half to three years old rememberexperiences that occurred in their first year,and eleven montholds remember some events a year later.Nor does thehypothesis that infantile amnesia reflects repressionor holdingbackof sexually charged episodes explain the phenomenon.While such repression may occur,people cannot rememberordinary events from the infant and toddler periods either.Three other explanations seem more promising.Oneinvolves physiological changes relevant to memory.Maturationof the frontal lobes of the brain continues throughout earlychildhood,and this part of the brain may be critical forremembering particular episodes in ways that can be retrievedlater.Demonstrations of infants and toddlers long-termmemory have involved their repeating motor activities that theyhad seen or done earlier,such as reaching in the dark for objects,putting a bottle in a dolls mouth,or pulling apart two pieces ofa toy.The brains level of physiological maturation may supportthese types of memories,but not ones requiring explicit verbaldescriptions.A second explanation involves the influence of the socialworld on childrens language use.Hearing and telling storiesabout events may help children store information in ways thatwill endure into later childhood and adulthood.Through hearingstories with a clear beginning,middle,and ending children maylearn to extract the gist of events in ways that they will be able todescribe many years later.Consistent with this view,parents andchildren increasingly engage in discussions of past events whenchildren are about three years old.However,hearing such storiesis not sufficient for younger children to form enduring memories.Telling such stories to two year olds does not seem to producelong-lasting verbalizable memories.A third likely explanation for infantile amnesia involvesincompatibilities between the ways in which infants encodeinformation and the ways in which older children and adultsretrieve it.Whether people can remember an event dependscritically on the fit between the way in which they earlierencoded the information and the way in which they later attemptto retrieve it.The better able the person is to reconstruct theperspective from which the material was encoded,the morelikely that recall will be successful.This view is supported by a variety of factors that can createmismatches between very young childrens encoding and olderchildrens and adults retrieval efforts.The world looks verydifferent to a person whose head is only two or three feet abovethe ground than to one whose head is five or six feet above it.Older children and adults often try to retrieve the names ofthings they saw,but infants would not have encoded theinformation verbally.General knowledge of categories of eventssuch as a birthday party or a visit to the doctors office helpsolder individuals encode their experiences,but again,infants andtoddlers are unlikely to encode many experiences within suchknowledge structures.These three explanations of infantile amnesia are notmutually exclusive;indeed,they support each other.Physiological immaturity may be part of why infants and toddlersdo not form extremely enduring memories,even when they hearstories that promote such remembering in preschoolers.Hearingthe stories may lead preschoolers to encode aspects of eventsthat allow them to form memories they can access as adults.Conversely,improved encoding of what they hear may help thembetter understand and remember stories and thus make thestories more useful for remembering future events.Thus,allthree explanationsphysiological maturation,hearing andproducing stories about past events,and improved encoding ofkey aspects of eventsseem likely to be involved in overcominginfantile amnesia.Paragraph 6:This view is supported by a variety of factorsthat can create mismatches between very young childrensencoding and older childrens and adults retrieval efforts.Theworld looks very different to a person whose head is only two orthree feet above the ground than to one whose head is five or sixfeet above it.Older children and adults often try to retrieve thenames of things they saw,but infants would not have encodedthe information verbally.General knowledge of categories ofevents such as a birthday party or a visit to the doctors officehelps older individuals encode their experiences,but again,infants and toddlers are unlikely to encode many experienceswithin such knowledge structures.9.The phrase“This view”in the passage refers to the beliefthat the ability to retrieve a memory partly depends on thesimilarity between the encoding and retrieving process the process of encoding information is less complex foradults than it is for young adults and infants infants and older children are equally dependent ondiscussion of past events for the retrieval of information infants encode information in the same way older childrenand adults do查看正确答案和解析答案内容放这里面参考答案9.1参考译文：婴幼儿期记忆缺失三岁前生活中发生事情你还记得多少？很少有人能记得婴幼儿时期曾经发生在他们身上的事情。成年人对三岁之后那几年的记忆也很稀疏。大部分人只记得那些很少的特殊的事情，比如住院或者弟弟妹妹的出生。人们无法回忆起幼年事情的现象该如何解释呢？恐怕时间的流逝无法阐述清楚，成年人对35年前的高中同学照片仍可进行清楚地辨认。一种看似合理的解释认为，婴儿时期，孩子正在发展对发生的事情尚未形成永久性记忆，这种说法并不准确。两岁半到三岁的孩子能够记得他们一岁时候的事情，11个月大的孩子一年以后仍会记得一些事情。那些假设婴幼儿健忘症反映了孩子们对充满性欲的插曲的压制和隐藏，同样也解释不通。这种压制发生的时候，人们连孩提时代最普通的事情都是无法回忆起来的。除此之外的三种解释似乎更具说服力。一种观点认涉及记忆相关的生理变化。孩子们早期的童年时代中，脑前叶不断地成熟，它对记忆发生的特殊事件以及之后对这些事情的回想起着至关重要的作用。婴幼儿长期记忆的形成，还会涉及到他们之前早期看到的或者自身经历的活动的重复，比如：到黑暗的环境里取东西，把瓶子塞到了洋娃娃的嘴里，或者将玩具撕成两半等。除了那些需要清晰语言描述的事件之外，大脑生理成熟的程度足以帮助他们记得这些特殊事件。第二种观点与社会环境对孩子运用语言的影响有关。听故事和讲故事将有助于储存信息，直到他们的童年和成年。听故事的时候有个清晰的开头、情节和结尾会帮助孩子们提取事件的要点，并且使他们在过了很多年以后仍然可以描述这些事情。越来越多的家长们会在孩子三岁左右的时候和他们讨论过去发生的事情，这也与该理论一致。然而，仅仅听这些故事还是不足以帮更年幼的孩子形成永久的记忆。给两岁的孩子讲故事，并不能使他们形成语言化的记忆。第三种可能的解释认为婴幼儿健忘症与婴儿储存信息的方式和成年后进行回忆的方式不相容有关。人们是否能够回忆起一件事情的关键在于这两种方式的匹配程度。两种方式越匹配，越有助于人们成功回忆之前发生的事情。事实上，很多因素会导致婴幼儿储存信息的方式和成年人进行回忆的方式不匹配。对于一个头离地面两三尺的孩子来说，这个世界与那些稍大点的孩子眼中的世界不尽相同。长大后的孩子和成人经常试图回忆那些他们曾经见过的事物的名字，但在他们的幼儿时期时尚未对此进行语言化的信息储存。人们对类似生日聚会或者拜访医生诊所类似事件的分类常识有助于人们记忆他们的经历，但是，婴幼儿时期的孩子们似乎缺乏这些知识结构来帮助他们储存信息。以上三种关于幼儿期遗忘的解释实际上并非互斥，他们是相互支持的。学龄前孩子听到那些可以促进他们回忆的故事时，生理上的不成熟是导致他们无法形成长久记忆的原因之一。听那些故事将有助于学龄前孩子在脑中储存已经发生的事情，以便形成他们可以像成年人那样自由提取的记忆。相反，将他们听到的故事进行更进一步的编码将有助于他们更好地理解和记忆，因此，那些故事将对他们记住将来发生的事情更有帮助。综上所述，生理上的成熟、听故事和讲故事以及改进对事件关键信息的编码都有助于克服婴幼儿遗忘症。