雅思写作小作文的上课(课堂PPT).ppt

IELTS WRITING 1开始动笔写图表作文：基本情况任务任务1 1：图表写作：图表写作要求考生在20分钟内完成150字以上的短文。以考核图表为主。主要有:曲线图 line chart,graph柱状图 bar chart饼状图 pie chart表格等 table偶尔也会有流程图flow chart、地图geography和示意图diagram/figure 2开始动笔写图表作文：基本情况评分标准和任务2一样，评分观测点也有四项：Task achievement（task response task 2）Coherence and cohesionLexical resourcesGrammatical range and accuracy3开始动笔写图表作文：基本情况首先让我们搞明确task achievement 要求完成什么。1)summarize the general features/trends2)select important information3)compare and contrast data 4The table below shows three social and economic indicators of seven American countries for the year 1997.country GDP per capita(USD)adult illiteracy rate(%)newspaper sales per 1000 peopleBahamas 130004.499Argentina91003.6123Brazil490016.840Mexico430010.597Surinam37007.0122Jamaica260015.263Cuba21004.41185Sample answer We can see that GDP per capita varies substantially from 2100 USD in Cuba to 13000 USD in the Bahamas,with 5 of the 7 countires below 5000 USD per captia GDP.The illiteracy rates also differ considerably.The highest illiteracy rates are for Brazil(16.8%)and Jamaica(15.2%),whilst Argentina has the lowest rate,at 3.6%.Mexico(10.5%)and Surinam(7%)lie in the middle.Surprisingly,the adult illetercy rate for Cuba and the Bahamas is the same,at 4.4%.6Sample And finally,lets look at newspaper sales.It has a tendency that the higher the rate at which a country has sold newspapers,the lower its adult illiteracy rate is.But the Bahamas is an exception.Though its adult illiteracy rate is the second low among the seven countries,it has not got a comparable high rate of newspaper sale.7开始动笔写图表作文：基本情况图表写作且记住一定要客观，只写图表上要描述的信息，而不能主动解释背后的原因或深层次的含义。We are required to describe rather than explain.也不要面面俱到，机械地记录图表内容，犹如流水账。Example:The bar chart below shows the marriage rates of people at the age of 25 in English from 1950 to 1980.Write a report for a university lecturer describirng the information shown below.(the green is male,the red is female)8开始动笔写图表作文：基本结构文章结构首段：图表作文的首段必须交待三个要素：图表研究的时间段、研究的对象和研究所采用的数据形式（是具体的数字还是百分比）。应当将这三个内容用一句话说清楚。实际上就是把题目中描述图表的那句话用自己的语言说出来并拓展一下即可。首段不要写得过长，两句话比较合适。开始动笔写图表作文9开始动笔写图表作文：基本结构基本结构主体段：主体段描写单方向的趋势，根据趋势的分类来决定主体段应该划分成几个自然段，例如一图表讲美国、澳大利亚、日本、英国四个国家的消费情况。在主体段落中，每一个单方向的趋势都应当用一句话来概括描述，这句话不一定要涉及具体数据，是概括性的描述，代表某一段的总的方向。就像任务2中主题句的写法。接下去就要有数据的支撑。相当任务2中的例证。所以图表写作主体段必须有两个要素：单方面的趋势和数据支持。10开始动笔写图表作文：基本结构结尾段：图表通过对具体数据的对照和对比来说明问题，因此在结尾部分要写出对照对比的趋势，以及从这个趋势中得出的一个结论。图表写作这部分的写法与任务2 完全不同。它的信息完全来自图表，不能加进任何自己的见解，不需要分析评论。11开始动笔写图表作文：基本内容文章内容与任务2写作一样，图表写作也要紧紧围绕任务去完成。也要依据题目提供的已知信息进行写作。与任务2不同的是图表作文的信息载体不是文字而是图表，考生将图表承载的信息用文字表达出来。在转化的过程中很容易遗漏信息。所以写完后的审查就显得更加重要。12开始动笔写图表作文：基本情况趋势描写图表中反映的是某一事情或情况的变化趋势，有总趋势也有局部趋势，因而趋势描写便成为图表作文中必不可少的内容。图表的目的是通过对比对照来说明问题，因此文章中也应该描写有关对比对照的趋势。13开始动笔写图表作文：基本情况数据导入图表的另一个特点就是表中会出现大量的数据，所以导入数据便是一个重要任务。描述完某种趋势后，必须有具体的数据来支撑。没有数据的对比是空洞的。数据是重要信息，一定不要遗漏。14开始动笔写图表作文：常用句型1、表示“说明”的句子结构和常用句型This table/chart/diagram/graph shows that.The figures/statistics show that more other verbs:describe,illustrate,display,exhibit,indicate,reflect,represent,reveal,unfold,summarize etc.15开始动笔写图表作文：常用句型More patterns:According to As is shown in the As can be seen from It can be seen fromWe can see fromIt is clear from It is apparent/obvious/evident 16开始动笔写图表作文：常用句型还可用第一人称复数引入要说明的信息。切记不要使用第一人称单数。We can seeWe conclude from .that.We find 17开始动笔写图表作文：变化趋势常用词汇1）数据统计时，表示静态数据的句子结构“有”“占”“是.倍”“达到”等。常用的动词有：be,have,reach,hit,account for,e.g.澳大利亚和英国都占10%。Australia and UK both had 10%.e.g.中国人占市场份额最大。Chinese accounted for the largest percentage of market share.18开始动笔写图表作文：变化趋势常用结构1)表示增加动词+副词结构e.g.1999年度家庭轿车的数量陡然增加。The number of family cars increased suddenly in the year 1999.形容词+名词e.g.参与者的数量有一个明显的上升。There was a significant jump in the number of participants.19开始动笔写图表作文：变化趋势常用结构e.g.该产品的市价在稳步上升。There is a steady increase in the price of this product.介词短语e.g.申请者的人数仍然在增加。The number of applicants is on the rise.e.g.从2008年到2010年专职教师的人数在增加。The number of full-time teachers was on the increase form 2008 to 2010.20开始动笔写图表作文：变化趋势常用结构2)表示下降 动词+副词结构e.g.当地学校的失学人数在去年略有下降。The number of drop-outs in the local school dropped slightly last year.形容词+名词e.g.上个月的销售额出现了急剧下降。There was a steep fall in the sales volume last month.21开始动笔写图表作文：变化趋势常用结构介词短语e.g.数据显示本财政年上半年海外投资规模一路走低。The statistics shows that the overseas investment was on the decline over the first half of this fiscal year.e.g.美元对港元的汇率出现了持续疲软。The exchange rate of USD over that of HKD is still on the decrease.22开始动笔写图表作文：变化趋势常用结构3）表示“持平”“不变”最高点”“最低点”短语动词A:level off e.g.收音机的听众人数在早晨6:30到8:30之间一直攀升，然后从8:45分起出现持平现象。The number of radio audience is on the rise between 6:30 and 8:30,and then levels off since 8:45.23开始动笔写图表作文：变化趋势常用结构3）表示“持平”“不变”最高点”“最低点”短语动词B:系表结构Stay/keep/remain+steady unchanged stable constant 24开始动笔写图表作文：变化趋势常用结构3）表示“持平”“不变”最高点”“最低点”短语动词B:系表结构e.g.这个县的离婚率在前三个季度没有发生变化。The divorce rate of the first three quarters in his county remains constant.e.g.美国近三个月来的国内生产总值基本没有发生任何变化。The growth rate of GDP in the U.S.A stayed basically unchanged over the recent three months.25开始动笔写图表作文：变化趋势常用结构3）表示“持平”“不变”最高点”“最低点”短语动词C:there be+little /no/hardly +any changee.g.六、七两个月的轿车销售几乎没有出现任何变化。There was hardly any change in the number of cars sold from June to July.e.g.该公司的股票交易量没有发生变化。There was no change in the turn-over of the companys stocks.26开始动笔写图表作文：变化趋势常用结构3）表示“持平”“不变”最高点”“最低点”短语动词D:最高点和最低点The figure/The situation/The monthly+peaked/reached a peak(a hign point)/bottomed out/reached the bottom(a low poit)e.g.这个国家的居民消费指数在2010年十月创历史最高,达到6%。出现了严重的通胀。CPI in that country reached a peak of 6%in Oct.2010.Inflation was serious.27开始动笔写图表作文：变化趋势常用结构4）“数据比较”常用结构和替换词汇A.thane.g.男子接受高等教育的人数比女子多，分别是男子10%，女子5%。There were more males than females who have their higher education.28开始动笔写图表作文：变化趋势常用结构4）“数据比较”常用结构和替换词汇B.ase.g.A校学生人数几乎是B校学生人数的3倍。School A has approximately three times as many students as School B.D.to/be superior/inferior/senior to e.g.A组的成员比B组成员年轻三岁。Mumbers of Group A are three times junior to those of Group B.29开始动笔写图表作文：变化趋势常用结构4）“数据比较”常用结构和替换词汇E.直接用动词表示e.g.使用电脑的优点远远大于它的缺点。The advantages of using computers far outweigh the disadvantages.e.g.男人接受高等教育的人数以 4比1的比例超出了女人接受高等教育的人数。The male outnumbered the female four to one in higher education.30开始动笔写图表作文：变化趋势常用结构5)关于倍数表达倍数的增加。A）“n times larger than”与“n times as large as”的概念。汉语中A是B的n倍，与A比B大(n-1)倍概念相同，而英文中则不是。注意英语的“n times larger than”与“n times as large as”的概念是一致的，即“是原来的n倍”。一般讲英语国家的人认为“two times larger than”等于原来的两倍,即“two times as large as”，所以为了避免歧义，应用更加明确的表示方法：three times its original size;three times as large as it used to be31开始动笔写图表作文：变化趋势常用结构e.g.经过十几年的建设，深圳市的面积比以前大了两倍。With more than ten years construction,the area of Shenzhen City is three times larger than before.With more than ten years construction,the area of Shenzhen City is three times its original size.With more than ten years construction,the area of Shenzhen City is three times as large as it used to be.误译：With more than ten years construction,the area of Shenzhen City is twice larger than before.32开始动笔写图表作文：变化趋势常用结构2）当倍数与表示上升下降趋势的词连用时，无论是否有介词，均表示“增加到n倍”。如：increase to N timesincrease N times/N-foldincrease by N timesincrease by a factor of NThere is a N-fold/N times increase/growth注意此句应译为“增加了N-1倍”33开始动笔写图表作文：变化趋势常用结构倍数的减少1）“A is n times as small as B”与“A is n times lower than B”的概念中文中不用倍数表示“减少”，不说“A比B小/少多少倍”，而是说“A比B小几分之几”，用分数表达；所以英文的“A is n times lower than B”或“A is n times as small as B”应译成“A是B的n分之一”或“A比B小n分之n-1”。e.g.公司今年的利润是去年的三分之一。/公司今年的利润比去年下降三分之二。The profits of the company this year is three times lower than last year.可以用分数直接表达以避免歧义。The profits of the company this year is one third of last year.34开始动笔写图表作文：变化趋势常用结构2）当倍数与表示上升下降趋势的词连用时，无论是否有介词，均表示“减少到1/n”。如：decrease N times/N-folddecrease by N timesdecrease by a factor of N There is a N-fold decrease/reduction表达的意思相同,均为“减少到1/n”。翻番问题：两番double，三番triple，4番quadruple35开始动笔写图表作文：变化趋势常用结构1)嘉实多的油在越南每公升售价1.5美元，这个价格是那些从台湾和泰国进口油价的三倍。Castrol oil costs about$1.5 per liter in Vietnam,about three times as much as the price of cheaper oil imported from Taiwan and Thailand.2)到2020年中国将实现国内生产总值比2000年翻两番，达到40000亿美元左右。By 2020,Chinas GDP will quadruple that of 2000 to approximately USD 4 trillion.3)印度贫富之间的差距越来越大，是10年前的两倍。Indias growing gap between the rich and the poor is twice as much as 10 years ago.36开始动笔写图表作文：变化趋势常用结构4).棉花产量比1996年增加了三倍/是1996年的四倍。The cotton output was four times greater than that of 1996.5).英中两国贸易在过去五年就翻了一番。British trade with China has doubled over the last five years alone.6）这房子的价钱已升至我们购买时的三倍。The house is worth treble what we paid for it.37开始动笔写图表作文：变化趋势常用结构7）近几年来，电视机的价格下降了一半儿。The price of TVs has been twofold down over these years.8).改革开放30年来，人们的生活水平得到了显著的提高，人均年收入是40年前的30倍。For the 30 years of reform and opening up,peoples standard of living has been a significant increase,and the per capita annual income is 30 times more than that of 40 years ago.38开始动笔写图表作文：变化趋势常用结构更多的动词：takes up,increase,rise,climb,grow,soar,jump,amout to,double,decrease,drop,fall,diminish,decline,remain,keep,39开始动笔写图表作文Sample One：The following graphs give information about the Gross Domestic Product and empleyment sectors of a developing country.Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information shown below.40开始动笔写图表作文natural Resources%industry%trade,restaurants,hotels%transport communication%government%other%total%employment77.43.64.91.61.63.8100.00GDP19.215.437.18.412.57.4100.0041Sample One42开始动笔写图表作文Sample answerThe first graph shows the percentage of people emplyed in different sectors of the economy in 1992 and the percentage of GDP which they produced.The main economic sectors are natural resources,industry and services.The second graph shows movements between 1986 and 1995.43开始动笔写图表作文The first graph reveals that although 77.4%of the population worked in natual resouces in 1992,they produced only 19.2%of GDP.However,the 3.6%of the population who worked in industry produced 15.4%of GDP,and the 4.9%who worked in the service sector produced 37.1%of GDP.44开始动笔写图表作文The second graph shows that sevices as a percentage of GDP have been falling steadily.In 1986 natural resources provided more than 25%of GDP,but this declined to less than 20%in 1992,recovered in 1993 but fell below 20%in 1995.Industry earned less than 10%of GDP in 1986,but rose almost to 20%in 1995.45开始动笔写图表作文The two graphs joint reveal that service sector,though declining between 1986 and 1995,still remains to be the primary earner of GDP.46SampleTwoThebarchartbelowshowsthenumberofoverseasstudentsenrolledinasecondyearGraphDesigatanAustraliancollege.Writeareportforauniversitylecturuerdescribingtheinformationshown.47Sample Two 48开始动笔写图表作文Sample Two：According to the bar chart,students from four Asian countries and region(PRC,Taiwan,Japan and Korea)and one European country(Germany)are taking Graph Design at the college.Some students are enrolled in the Computer-Aided Design(CAD)core option;the othrs are taking Photography.49开始动笔写图表作文Overall,the PRC has the largest number of enrolled students(17)and Germany the smallest(5).Japan and Taiwan both have 12 students;Korea has 11.It is noticeable that Japan and Korea have similar profiles.50开始动笔写图表作文Students from all five countries and region are entolled in CAD,but more males are taking this option than females(21 and 9 respectively).For each nationality the males taking CAD outnumber the females,except in the case of the Germans with 3 females to only 1 male.The PRC has the most students studying CAD(9);Taiwan comes next with 7,while Japan has 6.Korea and Germany have 4 CAD students each.51开始动笔写图表作文As for the photogrphy option,more females than males are enrolled from every country except Germany.In fact,no frmale German students are taking Photogrphic Design.Only 1 male from each country is entolled in Photogrphy except ro 2 males from Taiwan.52Sample ThreeSample ThreeIt is often claimed that women have achieved greater freedom and have access to the same opportunities as men.The pie charts below show some employment patterns in Great Britain.Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information in the charts below.53Sample Three54开始动笔写图表作文The two pie charts show the proportion of males and females in employment in 6 broad categories,divided into manual and non-manual occupations.In general,a greater percentage of women work in non-manual occupations than work in manual occupations,and the reverse is true for men.55开始动笔写图表作文In the non-manual occupations,while a greater percentage of working women than men are found in clerical-type positions,there is a smaller percentage of women than men employed in managerial and professional positions.The percentage of women employed in other non-manual occupations is slightly larger than the percentage of men in these occupations.56开始动笔写图表作文In mannual employment,the biggest difference between the two sexes is in the employment of craft workers,where males make up 21%of the workforce and females just 4.5%.Furthermore,the percentage of women working as general labourers is very small,only 0.5%.There is not a great deal of defference between the percentage of men doing other forms of manual work(28%)and women in other manual work(32%).57开始动笔写图表作文In conclusion,the two charts clearly show that women do not have the same access as men to certain types of employment.58