4BasicFormatofArgumentation.pptx

Steps of Making an Argumentation Within the Time LimitAnalytical Thinking&Comprehensive KnowledgeSteps of Making an Argumentation1.To analyze the motion and find out the center words2.To analyze the correlation of the center words3.To make an OutlineClaimbodyEndSupport 1Support 2Support 3Student should memorize facts only after they have studies the ideas,trends and concepts that help explain those facts.Students who have learned only facts have learned very little.1.Key words:Students,facts,underlying concepts2.Correlation:factsUnderlying theoriesComprehension and application abilitystudents3.Outline:Opening:Although the memorization of facts can be a handy tool for students to learn a subject,especially the fundamental knowledge,it is still not enough to grasp what they learn with full comprehension.A qualified student should be well informed by either the facts or the underlying theories and be able to apply them in different situation as well.1)Facts base(Memorizing mere facts is useful but at the lowest level of learning)Eg:English words,Multiplication tables,table of elements2)Underlying concepts can be a helpful tool for students to reach the highest level of learning,i.e.the ability to apply either facts or the theories behind the facts to different situation and to coherently discuss them.Eg:history study2)Students abilities are of paramount importance.Eg.:comprehension,assimilation,applicationSummary:Whether the facts are memorized first or after the student understands the underlying theories does not matter,what matter is that the student truly grasps the subject with full comprehension to the best of his or her ability.Should thrift be encouraged now that our personal income has considerably increased?Key words:income thrift still necessary?Sparing,frugal,frugalityIdeas related to the key words:1.从对立面看：收入高了，但消费也多了,limit ones desire 2.从长远看:要买房买车、教育子女，收入再高也不为高.In satisfying the needs of the present,we must not neglect the problem of providing for the future.Thrift can safeguard one from extravagance and waste 3.从自身特点看：节俭是美德。We can benefit from it from at least three perspectives.Individuallymould our personalities;socially;nationallysave public money 4.从资源角度看：We are experiencing unprecedented economic growth;meanwhile,we suffer from unprecedented shortage.We have less natural resources than ever before for human,even for such essential things as water to drink and fresh air to breathe.As an example,China is a developing country and there are millions of people living in dire property.We cannot afford such reckless waste.The Basic Format of ArgumentationThe ClaimThe SupportThe RefutationThe ConclusionThe ClaimDefinition:Claim,or propositions,represent answers to what you are trying to prove in an argumentative essay.Although they are the conclusions of your arguments,they often appear as thesis statements.(Ensure that it is clearly stated,preferably at the beginning of your paper.)Types of ClaimsThe countrys economic growth this year will reach 8 percent.(Of Facts)It is not wise for students to marry and have children before they finish college.(Of Value)A strict code of behavior should be introduced in all public schools and colleges.(Of Policy)Tips of How to Make a ClaimDefine terms that may cause confusion before making a claim.Qualify a claim of fact with a word such as generally,usually,probably or as a rule,etc.In the case of claims of value,adhere to the value you defend.State a claim of policy with a word such as should or must.Should thrift be encouraged now that our personal income has considerably increased?While it is true that our personal income has considerably increased in accordance with related national surveys,but on the whole,thrift as a virtue should still be encouraged on account of its several benefits to the people.The SupportDefinition:The ideas and information intended to convince readers that the claim is sound or believable.Types:1.Reasons:General statements that back up a claim,explaining why a viewpoint on an issue is reasonable or correct.Reasons should be logical and reasonable.2.Evidence:What writers use to support or verify reasons.Evidence must be relevant and sufficient.3.Emotional appeal:which evoke the needs or values that readers care deeply about.The EvidenceFactsStatisticsExpert OpinionExamplesObservation From Personal Experience(With all of these examples,it is evident that;In these cases;Reasoning:如何推理?The reasons and evidence in an argument should follow a logical line of reasoning.The most common types of reasoning are induction and deduction.They use evidence in different ways to arrive at a conclusion.The difference between reasoning and supporting?Induction:归纳It begins with evidence and moves to a conclusion.In other words,specific cases and facts are examined to draw a wider-ranging conclusion which would be the thesis of an argumentative essay.(From specifics to a generalization)Evidence 1Evidence 2Evidence 3ConclusionP149 examples:Deduction:演绎演绎P149It begins with commonly accepted statements or premises and shows how a conclusion follows.In other words,general statements believed to be true are applied to specific situations or cases.The result of deduction is a conclusion about the specific situation.(from generalization to specific)The major premise should be universally accepted.The minor premise should accord with the major one.ConclusionDeductionminormajorConclusionThe Refutation Refutation attempts to prove views against“my opinion”wrong.It is often an indispensable part of an argumentative essay,for it shows that the writer is aware of opposing viewpoints and has thought about both sides.ONE can cast doubt on the opponents reasons or question the accuracy,relevancy,and sufficiency of the opponents evidence.The ConclusionTo be a summary in a higher levelTry to use any of quotations as an ending(or an opening)From what has been discussed above,we may conclude that high living standards don not necessarily mean to waste.The question is not to give up modern comfort;the question is how to enhance efficiency.In fact,economic depends strongly on saving.We have only one Earth to live on;we should leave behind nothing but footprints.1.Waste not,want not.俭以防匮。2.From saving comes having.富有来自节俭。3.A penny saved is a penny gained.省一文是一文。4.Take care of the pence and the pound will take care of themselves.金钱积少便成多。5.Frugality is an estate alone.节俭本身就是一宗财产。6.He that regards not a penny,will lavish a pound.小钱不知节省，大钱将滥花。7.Small gains bring great wealth.积小利，成巨富。8.Many a little makes a mickle.积少便成多。Opening With a Quotation “A penny saved is a penny earned.”What the saying means is that thrift is as significant as industry in ones life.Thrift,as it may be defined in simple words,is a habit formed by man to lead an economical life.