2017-2018学年高二英语下学期知识点检测2.doc

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非谓语动词（动词不定式+动名词）
学习目标
1. To understand the function and part of speech of verb-ing and to infinitive.
2. To learn to use verb-ing and to infinitive correctly.
课前导学
阅读课本P8-10后，填空
1. 非谓语动词的分类：__________; __________; __________
2. The continuous form of to-infinitive (不定式的进行式) is __________.
The perfect form of to-infinitive (不定式的完成式) is __________.
3. 一些动词后跟动名词和不定式意义区别较大，列举这些动词及动词短语是：
_______________________________________________________________________.
课堂探究
1. 概述：在英语中，不作句子谓语，而具有除谓语外其他语法功能的动词，叫做非谓语动词。.动词一般在句子中充当谓语. 动词的非谓语形式在句中可起名词,形容词,副词的作用,在句中充当主语,宾语,表语,补语,定语或状语.即动词的非谓语形式除了不能独立作谓语外,可以承担句子的任何成分,非谓语动词有动词不定式（the Infinitive）；动名词（the Gerund）；现在分词（the Present Participle）；过去分词
（the Past Participle）。
1不定式—主、表、宾、补语(宾补&主补)、定、状 2动名词—主、表、宾、定、同位语
3分 词—表、补语(宾补&主补)、定、状
I动词不定式：（to）+do，具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。
一、不定式的形式：

主 动
被 动
一般式
to do
to be done
进行式
to be doing
/
完成式
to have done
to have been done
完成进行式
to have been doing
/
否定式：not /never + (to) do
1.一般式—(to)+动原：所表示的动作或状态与谓语动作同时发生或发生在谓语动作之后。
eg.1) He seems to know a lot. The policeman made the thief stand in the corner.
2) The play is said to be made into a film soon. The patient asked to be operated on at once.
2. 进行式— to be+现分：表示谓语动作或状态发生时,不定式动作正在进行。
(常用于★seem, appear, happen, pretend, be supposed, be considered/be believed, be reported, be said, be known等动词的结构中)
eg.)The boy pretended to be working hard. =The boy pretended that he …
3. 完成式－to have +过分：表示非谓语动词的动作或状态发生在谓语动作之前.
eg.)They are believed to have found a cure for cancer.
The novel is said to have been translated into several foreign languages.
=It is said that the novel has been translated into….
4.完成进行式—表示该动作或状态发生在谓语动作之前, 而又延续到谓语动作发生后.
eg.) He is said to have been studying abroad, but I don’t know which country he is studying in.
He pretended to have been studying.
二、不定式的句法功能：
2. 作主语： eg.)To develop friendship with others is what we want. To lose heart means failure.
【注1】在现代英语中，常用it作形式主语，如：It is his duty to manage the company.
【注2】在感叹句和疑问句中只能用it作形式主语，如：What great fun it is to swim in a pool or a lake!
【注3】在这种结构中, 如果要表示不定式动作的执行者,要在不定式短语前加上一个的短语for sb./ of sb. 的短语 (不定式的复合结构)：It+be+ adj./n.+ for sb. to do sth.
It+be+ adj. + of sb. to do sth. =sb. be + adj. + to do sth. (★常见形容词:clever, silly, foolish, stupid, wise, rude, impolite, careless, cruel, crazy, etc.)
eg.)It’s necessary for us to have a good knowledge of English.
It is foolish of you to make such a mistake.=You are foolish to make such a mistake.
2. 作表语：
eg.)Her wish is to become a novelist. He appears to have caught a cold.
The only thing he could do was ( to) tell the truth.
【注1】 He is to tidy up the room. 表示时态(将来时) His plan is to tidy up the room. 表示主语的具体内容
【注2】 动名词和不定式在句中作表语的区别:
1) Seeing is believing. =To see is to believe. 一般情况下, 区别不大,可通用
2) 动名词表示的动作较抽象、习惯性的、经常性的, 不定式表示某次具体的或将来的动作.
eg.)My job is typing papers. My job now is to type these papers.
3.作宾语： A.动词+ to不定式:
★常见动词: hope, wish, long, want, wait, refuse, pretend, promise, agree, aim, decide, determine, expect, offer, fail, plan, learn, manage, intend, desire, happen, ask, demand, afford, arrange, dare, claim(声称), hesitate, etc.
eg.) I longed to become an artist.
B. 动词+(间接宾语)+疑问词+ to不定式: 常见动词: know, decide, wonder, learn, remember, understand, etc.
eg.) I don’t know what to say to comfort her.
C.动词+ it(作形式宾语)+宾语补足语+( for sb.)+ to不定式： 常见动词:find, consider, think, make, feel, etc.
eg.) I think it important for you to recite some English articles.
D.介词but, except后可接不定式作宾语。
eg.) I have no choice but _______ (stay) here. He did nothing but ______(repair) his bike.
4. 作宾语/主语补足语：
A. 动词/动词词组+宾语+to不定式
★ 常见动词: want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, allow, permit, help, get, advise, forbid, persuade, cause, force, warn, invite, urge, encourage, prepare, call on, appeal to, would like, wait for, invite, etc.
eg.)I got them to join us in the discussion.
B. 动词+宾语+不带to的不定式
★常用动词: feel (一感) ; hear, listen to(二听); make, let, have(三让); see, watch, observe, notice, look at(五看) ;help (半帮助,可带to或不带to)etc. eg.)I saw the car disappear in the distance.
【注1】但改为被动语态时，不定式要加to.
eg.) He was seen to enter the building about the time the crime was committed.
比较: I saw him cross the road. 被: He was seen ________ the road.
I saw him crossing the road. 被:He was seen ________ the road.
I saw him carried downstairs. 被: He was seen ________ downstairs.
【注2】介词有时也与这种复合宾语连用，如：With a lot of problems to settle, he felt worried. .
5. 作定语：(考点集中在动词不定式与被修饰词的逻辑关系的判断上)
A.与被修饰名词构成动宾关系： eg.) He has a large family to support.
【注1】 如果不定式是vi，所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等其后应有适当的介词.
如: He is a pleasant colleague to work with.
I need a bookcase to put my books in.=I need …in which to put my books.
　He found a good house to_________. What did you open it ____?
【注2】如果不定式修饰time, place, way，可以省略介词：
eg.)He has no place______(居住). This is the best way （解答这道题）
【注3】如果句子的主语不是不定式的逻辑主语, 不定式就用被动语态表示。
Where are the things to be taken to her? 比较:
I am going to the post office, for I have a letter ______(post).
I am going to the post office. Do you have any letter _________ (post)?
B. 与被修饰名词构成主谓关系：
eg.)He is always the first ＿＿＿＿ and the last ＿＿＿＿＿＿.（他总是第一个来，最后一个走）
He was the second man to be awarded the prize.
C.说明所修饰名词的内容, 即与被修饰名词构成同位关系：
eg.) We have made a plan to finish the work. He made an attempt to stand up.
【注4】以即将发生的动作修饰事物时, 可用不定式作定语, 如:
Are you going to the dance _______(hold) next week? He will write more novels in the years ______ (come).
6.作状语：　A.表目的： eg.) He worked day and night ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿（偿还债务）
【注1】不定式逻辑主语与句子主语要一致：（下列两句判断正误）
To save money, every means has been tried. ( ) To save …, he has tried every means. ( )
改错: To succeed in a scientific experiment, carefulness is needed.　＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿
【注2】in order to 可放在句首, so as to不可; 当不定式是to be /to have或否定式时,一般用in order to/ so as
to, 如: Mother came in quietly in order not to wake the sleeping son.
She got up early so as to be the first to arrive.
B. 表原因：(常用形容词:glad, sorry, disappointed, pleased, etc.)
eg.)They were very excited to hear the news that their team had won the game.
C. 表结果：用于 (only/never) to, …enough to, so/such …as to, too…to结构中
eg.) What has he said to make you annoyed?
He hurried to the station only______(find) / only ______ (tell) that the train had left.
He left his hometown during the war, never _______ (hear) from again.
The patient is strong enough to walk about.
He is not such a fool/ so foolish as to think that the sun can rise from the west.
too…to…结构: The boy is too young to dress himself.
【注3】对少数几个表示心情或倾向的形容词，如：glad, ready, pleased, willing, anxious, happy, satisfied, etc.用于too…to…结构时表示肯定意义。 eg.) I am only/but/just too =__________ glad to do you the favor.
7.作插入语, 独立成分：
★常见插入语:to tell (you) the truth/to be frank (honest) ; to start/begin with; to conclude; to make matters worse; to be more exact确切地讲; to make a long story short长话短说，简而言之; to be fair公平地说，凭心而论; to be sure肯定地，毫无疑问地; to put it another way 换句话说
【附1】在“形容词+不定式”结构中, 如不定式与句子主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系,那么不定式多用主动语态. ★常见形容词：hard, difficult, easy, simple, fit, cheap, expensive, interesting, etc.
eg.) The couch is comfortable to sit on. = It is comfortable to sit on the couch.
The sentence is easy to explain. The tea is bitter to taste.
【附2】不定式符号的省略与保留:
★1在had better, would rather, would rather…than…, cannot (help/choose) but, why (not) 等结构后面的不定式
符号to通常被省略。
2. 如主语部分含有动词do, 则作表语的不定式可省略to eg.) What I want to do is (to) run a night school.
3. 两个或多个不定式短语表示并列关系时，后面不定式短语的不定式符号to通常被省略；如果表示对比关系，则不定式符号to通常保留。
eg.) They didn’t tell me whether to go on or to stop. （对比关系）
She told the child to stay there and wait till she came back. （并列关系）
【附3】不定式符号后面动词的省略与保留
★不定式作宾语补足语时,省略to后的动词部分,即用to代替整个不定式.
eg (1)The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street but his mother told him not to
★如不定式带有系动词be或助动词have, 则须保留be或have.
eg.) ---Are you a teacher?---No, but I used to be.
--- Sorry, I haven’t finished my work yet?---Well, you ought to have.

II动名词 (The Gerund)— 动名词既具有动词的一些特征（如有完成式和被动语态，可以有自己的宾语和状语.），又具有名词的句法功能，在句中作主、宾、表和定语。
一、动名词的形式：

主动语态
被动语态
一般式
writing
being written
完成式
having written
having been written
1）一般式：Seeing is believing. =To see is to believe.
2）被动式：He came to the party without being invited.
3）完成式：He admitted having stolen the car.
4）完成被动式：He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old.
5）否定式：not +动名词 I regret not having followed his advice. She is nervous for having never spoken in public.
6）动名词的复合结构:带有逻辑主语的动名词；可作主语、宾语、表语相当于相应的主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句。A)物主代词或名词所有格+ 动名词(作主语、宾语、表语)
B)代词宾格或名词普通格+ 动名词(作宾语、表语)
eg.) The boy’s not having done the homework made his father lose his temper.
I suggest them /their having their eyes examined.= I suggest they _________their eyes examined.
What angered me most was the students (’) failing to fulfill their duties.
注意: 若动名词的逻辑主语为无生命的东西, 只用普通格:
eg.) The news of the new hotel catching fire shocked everyone.
= The news that the new hotel caught fire shocked everyone.
Is there any possibility of the film being tried out in Paris International Festival?
二、动名词的句法功能：
1.作主语 eg.) Reading books makes one wise. Collecting stamps is really fun.
It’s no use quarreling. Being punished made the student lose interest in his study.
Being exposed to too much sunlight does great harm to our skin.
①与不定式区别: 动名词作主语表示经常性、习惯性的抽象动作; 不定式作主
语表示具体的特别是将来的动作。
eg.) Walking is a good form of exercise for both young and old. To finish the work in a week is impossible.
★②常用it作形式主语: 限于名词: good, use, fun或形容词: good, nice, interesting, useless, etc.
eg.)It’s no use crying over spilt milk. It’s no good (you/your) quarrelling with such a bad-tempered person.
③用于结构: There is no doing sth. 无法/不可能做某事 No doing.
★have a good (hard ) time/ difficulty/ problem/trouble /fun/ pleasure (in) doing sth. (There is no point/sense /harm(in) doing sth.)
2.作表语：(be, remain, taste, sound, smell等link-v.后)
eg.)In the ant city, the queen’s job is laying eggs.
My job is typing letters. (抽象、习惯性、经常性的动作)
My job now is to type these letters. (某次具体的特别是将来的动作)
3.作定语：
动名词和现在分词作定语时的区别:
动名词作定语时, 表示它所修饰的名词的用途;.现在分词作定语时,表示它所修饰的名词正在进行的动作或存在的状态.
a walking stick= a stick for walking a walking dictionary
a sleeping car= a car for sleeping a sleeping child
running shoes running water
※动名词与名词构成合成名词：
living/sitting room, singing competition, waiting room, sleeping pill, hearing aid, drinking water, sewing machine, washing powder, cooling system, reading room, parking meter(停车计时表) operating room
还有一类动名词在后的合成词：weightlifting window-shopping sightseeing
shoplifting job-hunting tap dancing data processing family planning
4.作宾语：(动宾, 介宾)
They haven’t finished building the dam. Some measures should be taken to prevent the air from being polluted.
①有些动词及短语后只跟动名词作宾语：
★常见动词: avoid（避免）, appreciate（感激）, admit（承认）, consider(考虑), complete, delay耽搁, deny（否认）, enjoy, excuse, escape, finish, forgive, imagine, miss, mind, mention, practise, risk（冒险）, suggest(建议), understand, etc.
★常见短语:be busy, be worth, burst out, insist on, feel like, can’t help (忍不住), set about, succeed in, persist in , be/get used/accustomed to, look forward to, object to, be opposed to, pay attention to, get down to, get/close close to, devote oneself/one’s life ( energies, effort, time) to, be reduced to (沦落到), admit/ owe to（承认）, apply/accustom oneself to, adapt/adjust (oneself ) to,
【belong to, add up to/amount to, lead to, stick to, listen to, refer to, turn to, thanks to, owing to, due to, be open to (愿意接受), in addition to (除外), be familiar to, give one’s mind to (专心于), be sentenced to，be equal to (胜任)，keep to，point to, give rise to (引起), stand up to (勇敢面对), see to （注意，处理，照料）, look up to（尊敬） 后接名词, 一般不接动名词】
②allow, advise, consider, forbid, permit等动词～ +doing sth. ～ + sb. to do sth.
eg.) The doctor advised taking a good rest. The doctor advised the patient to take a good rest.
③某些动词后既可接动名词, 也可接不定式. 常见动词: begin/start, continue; love, like, dislike, hate, prefer; need, want, require; forget, remember, regret; mean, try, go on, stop, be used to, can’t help
A)begin/start 三种情况下,一般接不定式做宾语:①主语是sth.;②本身用于进行时;③做宾语的动词表示情感、思想或意念时( 如:like, love, understand, realize, understand, know, etc.)
B)love, like, dislike, hate, prefer, 如表示经常性的动作, 用动名词作宾语;如表示特定或具体的动作,多接不定式.
eg.) I like playing chess during my spare time. I like to play at chess with the chess master now.
C)need, want, require
eg.) He wants to repair the bike for me.
The bike needs/wants/ requires repairing/to be repaired.
★D)forget, remember, regret
eg.) I regret to inform you that you are dismissed. I regret not taking his advice.
★E.) mean, try, go on, stop, be used to, can’t help
eg.) What do you mean to do with it? Missing the train means waiting for another two hours.
She couldn’t help to do the housework, for she was busy.
People couldn’t help laughing at the foolish emperor in the procession.
④动名词做介词( 除but/except外)宾语:
eg.) On hearing the news, she couldn’t help crying.
★ 注意:except/but后接不定式做宾语 eg.) He had no choice but to wait.
★ <can not (help/choose) but do sth.=have to do sth. >
He could do nothing but wait. He never speaks to me other than(=but) to ask for something.
He enjoyed nothing but reading. He wanted nothing but to watch TV.
5.作同位语： eg.) His habit, listening to the news on the radio, remains unchanged.

课后巩固
单项选择
1. ---What do you suppose made her so unhappy?
--- __________ her wallet.
A. lose B. Lost C. Losing D. To lose
2. He hurried to the booking office only that all the tickets had been sold out.
A. to tell B. to be told C. telling D. told
3. It seems that he has no pen __________.
A. to write B. to write with C. writing D. writing with
4. She will tell us why she feels so strongly that each of us has a role____