北京师范大学考博英语历年真题及详解.pdf

目录2015年北京师范大学考博英语真题及详解2014年北京师范大学考博英语真题及详解2013年北京师范大学考博英语真题（回忆版）2012年北京师范大学考博英语真题（回忆版）2008年北京师范大学考博英语真题及详解2007年北京师范大学考博英语真题及详解2005年北京师范大学考博英语真题及详解2004年北京师范大学考博英语真题及详解2003年北京师范大学考博英语真题及详解2002年北京师范大学考博英语真题及详解2001年北京师范大学考博英语真题及详解2015年北京师范大学考博英语真题及详解Part I Reading Comprehension(45%)Directions:Read the following passages carefully and then select thebest answer from the four choices marked A,B,C and D by marking thecorresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through thecenter.1 The Pacific Northwest coast of north America is temperate rainforest,where trees like the red cedar grow straight trunks more than twometers thick at the base and sixty meters high.Western red cedar is oftencalled the canoe cedar because it supplied the native people of the region withthe raw material for their seagoing dugout canoes.These extraordinary crafts,as much as twenty meters in length,were fashioned from a single tree trunkand carried as many as forty on fishing and whaling expeditions into the openocean.The Haida people from the Queen Charlottes Islands off BritishColumbia were noted for their skill in canoe building.After felling a gianttree with controlled burning,the canoe makers split the log into lengthwisesections with stone wedges.They burned away some of the heartwood,leaving a rough but strong cedar shell.They then carved away wood from theinside,keeping the sections below the waterline thickest and heaviest to helpkeep the canoe upright in stormy seas.To further enhance the canoesstability,they filled the hull with water and heated it to boiling by dropping inhot stones.This rendered the wood temporarily flexible,so the sides of thehull could be forced apart and held with sturdy wooden thwarts,which servedas both cross braces and seats.The canoes were often painted with elaboratedesigns of cultural significance to the tribe.The Haida raised canoe building to a high art,designing boats of suchbeauty and utility that neighboring tribes were willing to exchange quantitiesof hides,meats,and oils for a Haida canoe.These graceful vessels becamethe tribes chief item of export.In their swift and staunch canoes,the firstpeople of the Northwest were able to take full advantage of the richesprovided by the sea.With harpoons of yew wood,baited hooks of red cedar,and lines of twisted and braided bark fibers,they fished for cod,sturgeon,and halibut,and hunted whales,seals,and sea otters.1.Why did the canoe makers keep the sections of the canoe below thewaterline thickest and heaviest?A.To prevent the canoe from overturning in rough water.B.To shorten the work of carving wood from the inside.C.To avoid having to paint the bottom of the canoe.D.To make the canoe strong enough to hold forty people.2.Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph two?A.Carving changed the texture and strength of the wood.B.It took the canoe makers several months to build a canoe.C.The wood was beaten with stone tools to make it flexible.D.Canoes were important cultural artifacts of the Haida.3.The word staunch in paragraph three is close in meaning to _.A.silentB.strongC.scentedD.severe4.It can be inferred from paragraph three that _.A.canoes were the Haidas only known art formB.the Haida dominated trade among local tribesC.the people used up all of the natural resourcesD.trees provided essential tools for obtaining food5.Which of the following statements can be inferred from the passage?A.The western red cedar thrives in a variety of climates.B.The skill of the Haida canoe makers has never been copied.C.Haida canoes were of great value in the regional economy.D.People no longer use cedar canoes for fishing and whaling.【答案与解析】1.A 细节理解题。根据题干可定位至第二段。该段第四句提到“They then carved away wood from the inside,keeping the sections belowthe waterline thickest and heaviest to help keep the canoe upright in stormyseas.”，由此可知，海达人将水平面以下的独木舟部分造得最厚最重，是为了让船只能够在波涛汹涌的海上平稳前行，不被海浪掀翻。A项表述与此相符。故选A项。2.D 推理判断题。第二段最后一句提到“The canoes were oftenpainted with elaborate designs of cultural significance to the tribe.”，由此可知，海达人在独木舟上面绘制对本部落具有文化意义的精巧图案，因此独木舟也是海达人重要的文化产品。故D项正确。雕刻并不会改变木头的纹理和受压情况，故A项错误；B项文中没有提及；文中提到往船身灌水并通过丢热石头将水加热至沸腾，并不是用石头敲打，故C项错误。3.B 语义判断题。第三段第三句提到“In their swift and staunchcanoes”，此处staunch和swift都用于形容独木舟的特征，第二段介绍独木舟的制作方法时强调了独木舟的结实，浏览四个选项，B项strong（结实的）符合原文意思，故B项正确。其余三项均不符合文章意思。4.D 推理判断题。文章最后一句提到“With harpoons of yew wood,baited hooks of red cedar,and lines of twisted and braided bark fibers,theyfished for cod,sturgeon,and halibut,and hunted whales,seals,and seaotters.”，由此可知，木材为海达人提供了重要的捕食工具，故D项正确。A项过于绝对；B、C两项文中没有提及。5.C 推理判断题。文章最后一段第一句提到“.neighboring tribeswere willing to exchange quantities of hides,meats,and oils for a Haidacanoe.”，由此可知，周围的部落都愿意用许多兽皮、肉和油来交换海达独木舟，因此海达人的独木舟对当地经济起着重要作用。故C项正确。2Nothing in the history of modern astronomy has excited as muchspeculation as the object,or event,known as a black hole.Black holes haveprovided endless imaginative fodder for science fiction writers and endlesstheoretical fodder for astrophysicists.They are one of the more exoticmanifestations of the theory of general relativity,and their fascinations lies inthe way their tremendous gravity affects nearby space and time.A black hole is very simple in structure:it has surfacethe eventhorizonand a centerthe singularity.Everything else is gravity.Thestandard model for the formation of a black hole involves the collapse of alarge star.The imaginary spherical surface surrounding the collapsed star isthe event horizonan artificial boundary in space that marks a point of noreturn.Outside the event horizon,gravity is strong but finite,and it ispossible for objects to break free of its pull.However,once within the eventhorizon,an object would need to travel faster than light to escape.For extremely massive stars,the exclusion principlethe resistancebetween the molecular particles within the star as they are compressedwillnot be strong enough to offset the gravity generated by the stars own mass.The stars increasing density will overwhelm the exclusion principle.Whatfollows is runaway gravitational collapse.With no internal force to stop it,the star will simply continue to collapse in on itself.Once a collapsing starhas contracted through its event horizon,nothing can stop it from collapsingfurther until its entire mass is crushed down to a single pointa point ofinfinite density and zero volumethe singularity.The star now disappears from the perceivable universe,like a cartooncharacter that jumps into a hole and pulls the hole in after him.What thisprocess leaves behind is a different kind of holea profound disturbance inspace-time,a region where gravity is so intense that nothing can escape fromit.Any object falling within the boundary of a black hole has no choice but tomove inward toward the singularity and disappear from our universe forever.Moreover,a black hole can never be plugged up or filled in with matter,themore matter that is poured into a black hole,the bigger it gets.What would happen to objects,such as astronauts,as they vanished intoa black hole?Physicists have been amusing themselves with this question foryears,and most believe that the intense gravitational forces would rip apartthe astronauts long before they were crushed at the singularity.Theoretically,any astronauts who managed to survive the passage would encounter somevery strange things.For instance,they would experience acute timedistortion,which would enable them to know,in a few brief seconds,theentire future of the universe.Inside a black hole,space and time are so warped that the distance fromthe event horizon to the singularity is not a distance in time.The time it takesto reach the singularity from the event horizonas measured by someonefalling inis proportional to the mass of the black hole.The only way that astronauts would know whether they had crossed theevent horizon would be if they tried to halt their fall and climb out again byfiring their engines enough to push themselves back from the center of thehole.However,because of the time warp,if the astronauts tried to do this,they would reach the singularity faster than if they had left their engines off.Moreover,since they could get no farther once they had reached thesingularity,this point would mark the end of time itself.6.The word fodder in paragraph one is closest in meaning to _.A.materialB.storiesC.supportD.problems7.The opposing force between the molecular particles inside a star iscalled _.A.general relativityB.the exclusion principleC.infinite densityD.the singularity8.Why does the author mention a cartoon character in paragraph four?A.To illustrate the complete disappearance of a collapsing star.B.To warn of the danger of being sucked into a black hole.C.To point out a humorous phenomenon in astrophysics.D.To announce the creation of a cartoon about black holes.9.Astronauts who fell into a black hole would probably experience allof the following EXCEPT _.A.distortion of space and timeB.travelling faster than lightC.knowledge of the universeD.strong gravitational forces10.The phrase this point in paragraph seven refers to _.A.The event horizonB.Firing their enginesC.The time warpD.The singularity【答案与解析】6.A 语义判断题。文章首段第二句提到“Black holes have providedendless imaginative fodder for science fiction writers and endless theoreticalfodder for astrophysicists.”，由此可以推断，黑洞丰富了科幻小说作家的科幻小说以及天体物理学家的理论，为其提供了创作的源泉，故fodder（饲料，草料；弹药）在此处表示“素材，材料”，因此A项正确。7.B 细节理解题。文章第三段第一句提到“.the exclusion principlethe resistance between the molecular particles within the star as they arecompressed”，由此可知，相斥理论表示星体内部分子颗粒之间的斥力，故B项正确。8.A 推理判断题。第四段第一句提到“The star now disappears fromthe perceivable universe,like a cartoon character that jumps into a hole andpulls the hole in after him.”，作者将星体的消失比作卡通人物的消失，以此来更加形象地阐述星体的消失。故A项正确。9.B 细节理解题。由题干可定位至倒数第三段。由该段最后一句“they would experience acute time distortion,which would enable them toknow,in a few brief seconds,the entire future of the universe.”可知，在黑洞中人们会经历时间的扭曲，而时间的扭曲会让他们在简短的几秒钟之内知道宇宙的未来，故A、C项正确；由该段第二句“most believe that theintense gravitational forces would rip apart the astronauts”可知，在黑洞中人们会受到重力影响，故D项正确。只有B项与黑洞无关，故选B。10.D 细节理解题。文章最后一句提到“since they could get no fartheronce they had reached the singularity,this point would mark the end of timeitself.（由于他们在到达奇点之后便无法继续前行，奇点也意味着时间的结束）”，由此可以推断，this point指的是奇点。故D项正确。3The geology of the Earths surface is dominated by the particularproperties of water.Present on Earth in solid,liquid,and gaseous states,water is exceptionally reactive.It dissolves,transports,and precipitates manychemical compounds and is constantly modifying the face of the Earth.Evaporated from the oceans,water vapor forms clouds,some of whichare transported by wind over the continents.Condensation from the cloudsprovides the essential agent of continental erosion:rain.Precipitated onto theground,the water trickles down to form brooks,streams,and rivers,constituting what is called the hydrographic network.This immense polarizednetwork channels the water toward a single receptacle:an ocean.Gravitydominates this entire step in the cycle because water tends to minimize itspotential energy by running from high altitudes toward the reference pointthat is sea level.The rate at which a molecule of water passes through the cycle is notrandom but is a measure of the relative size of the various reservoirs.If wedefine residence time as the average time for a water molecule to passthrough one of the three reservoirsatmosphere,continent,and oceanwesee that the times are very different.A water molecule stays,on an average,eleven days in the atmosphere,one hundred years on a continent and fortythousand years in the ocean.This last figure shows the importance of theocean as the principal reservoir of the hydrosphere but also the rapidity ofwater transport on the continents.A vast chemical separation process takes place during the flow of waterover the continents.Soluble ions such as calcium,sodium,potassium,andsome magnesium are dissolved and transported.Insoluble ions such asaluminum,iron,and silicon stay where they are and form the thin,fertile skinof soil on which vegetation can grow.Sometimes soils are destroyed andtransported mechanically during flooding.The erosion of the continents thusresults from two closely linked and interdependent processes,chemicalerosion and mechanical erosion.Their respective interactions and efficiencydepend on different factors.11.The word“which”in line 4 refers to _.A.cloudsB.oceansC.continentsD.compounds12.According to the passage,clouds are primarily formed by water_.A.precipitating onto the ground B.changing from a solid to a liquid state C.evaporating from the oceans D.being carried by wind 13.The passage suggests that the purpose of the“hydrographicnetwork”is to _.A.determine the size of molecules of water B.prevent soil erosion caused by flooding C.move water from the Earths surface to the oceans D.regulate the rate of water flow from streams and rivers 14.What determines the rate at which a molecule of water movesthrough the cycle,as discussed in the third paragraph?A.The potential energy contained in water.B.The effects of atmospheric pressure on chemical compounds.C.The amounts of rainfall that fall on the continents.D.The relative size of the water storage areas.15.The word“rapidity”in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to _.A.significance B.methodC.swiftnessD.reliability【答案与解析】11.A 语义判断题。第二段第一句提到“Evaporated from the oceans,water vapor forms clouds,some of which are transported by wind over thecontinents.”，其中some of which为非限制性定语从句，修饰clouds，故which指代的内容应为clouds。因此A项正确。12.C 细节理解题。根据关键词clouds可定位至第二段。由该段第一句中的“Evaporated from the oceans,water vapor forms clouds”可知，从海洋蒸发的水蒸气形成云。因此答案为C项。13.C 细节理解题。根据关键词hydrographic network定位至第二段。由该段倒数第二句中的“Thisnetwork channels the water toward asingle receptacle:an ocean”可知，水纹网是为了将水汇集到大海。因此答案为C项。14.D 细节理解题。根据题干定位至第三段。由该段第一句中的“therate at which.is a measure of the relative size of the various reservoirs”可知，水分子穿越的速度是由不同水库的相对大小决定的。因此答案为D项。15.C 语义判断题。rapidity词根为形容词rapid，表示“迅速的，快速的”，rapidity为名词，表示“迅速，快速”，与swiftness（速度，迅速）意思相近，故C项正确。4Our culture has caused most Americans to assume not only that ourlanguage is universal but that the gestures we use are understood byeveryone.We do not realize that waving good-bye is the way to summon aperson from the Philippines to ones side,or that in Italy and some Latin-American countries,curling the finger to oneself is a sign of farewell.Those private citizens who sent packages to our troops occupyingGermany after World War II and marked them GIFT to escape duty paymentsdid not bother to find out that“Gift”means poison in German.Moreover,welike to think of ourselves as friendly,yet we prefer to be at least 3 feet or anarms length away from others.Latins and Middle Easterners like to comecloser and touch,which makes Americans uncomfortable.Our linguistic and cultural blindness and the casualness with which wetake notice of the developed tastes,gestures,customs and languages of othercountries,are losing us friends,business and respect in the worl