毕业设计方案外文原文(4万字符).doc

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毕业设计外文翻译
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院 （系）： 电子工程与自动化学院
专 业： 测控技术与仪器
学生姓名： 李XX
学 号： XXX
指引教师单位： 电子工程与自动化学院
指引教师： XXX
职 称： XXX

年 5 月 20日

Information Control
Automatic Control
Automatic control has played a vital role in the advance of engineering and science. In addition to its extreme importance in space-vehicle systems，missile-guidance systems，robotic systems，and the like，automatic control has become an important and integral part of modern manufacturing and industrial processes. For example，automatic control is essential in the numerical control of machine tools in the manufacturing industries，in the design of autopilot systems in the aerospace industries，and in the design of cars and trucks in the automobile industries. It is also essential in such industrial operations as controlling pressure，temperature，humidity，viscosity，and flow in the process industries.
Since advances in the theory and practice of automatic control provide the means for attaining optimal performance of dynamic systems，improving productivity，relieving the drudgery of many routine repetitive manual operations，and more，most engineers and scientists must now have a good understanding of this field.
Control engineering is based on the foundations of feedback theory and linear system analysis，and it integrates the concepts of network theory and communication theory. Therefore control engineering is not limited to any engineering discipline but is equally applicable to aeronautical，chemical，mechanical，environmental，civil，and electrical engineering. For example，a control system often includes electrical，mechanical，and chemical components. Furthermore，as the understanding of the dynamics of business，social，and political systems increases，the ability to control these systems will also increase.
A control system is an interconnection of components forming a system configuration that will provide a desired system response. The basis for analysis of a system is the foundation provided by linear system theory，which assumes a cause-effect relationship for the components of a system. Therefore a component or process to be controlled can be represented by a block，as shown in Figure 8.1. The input-output relationship represents the cause-and-effect relationship of the process，which in turn represents a processing of the input signal to provide an output signal variable，often with a power amplification.
In general，control systems can be categorized as being either open-loop or closed – loop. The distinguishing feature between these two types of control systems is the use of feedback comparison for closed-loop operation.
1．Open-loop Control System
An open-loop control system utilizes a controller or control actuator to obtain the desired response，as shown in Figure 8.2. An open-loop system is a system without feedback，simplest form of controlling devices. Figure 8.3 illustrates a simple tank-level control system. We wish to hold the tank level h within reasonable acceptable limits even though the outlet flow through value V1 is varied. This can be achieved by irregular manual adjustment of the inlet flow rate by valve V2. The system is not a precision system,as it does not have the capability of accurately measuring the output flow rate through valve V1 ,the input flow rate through valve V2，or the tank level. Figure 8.4 shows the simple relationship that exists in this system between the input (the desired tank level) and the output (the actual tank level). This control system does not have any feedback comparison,and the term open loop is used to describe this absence.
Figure 8.3 Tank-level control system
Output(actual tank level)
Ouput
Input
Figure 8.1 Process to be controlled
Process
Output
Actuating
device
Process
Disire
ouput
response
Figure 8.2 An open-loop system
h

Control system(value
and operator)
Input(desired
tank level)
Figure 8.4 Tank-level control system black diagram

2．Closed-loop Control System
In contrast to an open-loop control system，a closed-loop control system utilizes an additional measure of the actual output to compare the actual output with the desired output response. The measure of the output is called the feedback signal. A simple closed-loop feedback control system is shown in Figure 8.5. A feedback control system is a control system that tends to maintain a prescribed relationship of one system variable to another by comparing functions of these variables and using the difference as a means of control.
Output
Comparison
Controller

Process
Desire output
response

Measurement
Figure 8.5 Close-loop control system

Closed-loop control systems derive their valuable accurate reproduction of the input from feedback comparison. An error detector derives a signal proportional to the differences between the input and output．The closed-loop control system drives the output until it equals the input and the error is zero．Any differences between the actual and desired output will be automatically corrected in a closed-loop control system．Through proper design the system can be made relatively independent of secondary inputs and changes in component characteristics．Figure 8.6 illustrates an automatic tank-level control version of the system shown in Figure 8.3. It can maintain the desired tank level h within quite accurate tolerances even through the output flow rate through value V1 is varied. If the tank level is not correct,an error voltage is developed．This is amplified and applied to a motor drive that adjusts value V2 in order to restore the desired tank level by adjusting the inlet flow rate．A block diagram analogous to this system is shown in Figure 8.7. Because feedback comparison is present,the term closed-loop is used to describe the system’s operation.
Input(desired
tank level)

h

+v
-v
Power
amplifier
Motor
drive
Float
Error
Figure 8.6 Automatic tank-level control system
Power amplifier
Tank
Float
Motor
drive

Figure 8.7 Black diagram of automatic tank-level control system
Output(actual tank level)
Error
+
-

Due to the increasing complexity of the system under control and the interest in achieving optimum performance，the importance of control system engineering has grown in the past decade. Furthermore，as the system become more complex，the interrelationship of many controlled variables must be considered in the control scheme. A block diagram depicting a multivariable control system is shown in Figure 8.8.
The introduction of feedback enables us to control a desired output and can improve accuracy，but it requires attention to the issue of stability of response.
Controller
Process
Measurement
Desired
output
response
Output
variables
Figure 8.8 Mulutivariable control system

Microcontroller
A microcontroller (sometimes abbreviated µC，uC or MCU) is a small computer on a single integrated circuit containing a processor core，memory，and programmable input/output peripherals. Program memory in the form of NOR flash is also often included on chip，as well as a typically small amount of RAM. Microcontrollers are designed for embedded applications，in contrast to the microprocessors used in personal computers or other general purpose applications.
Microcontrollers are used in automatically controlled products and devices，such as automobile engine control systems，implantable medical devices，remote controls，office machines，appliances，power tools，toys and other embedded systems. By reducing the size and cost compared to a design that uses a separate microprocessor，memory，and input/output devices，microcontrollers make it economical to digitally control even more devices and processes. Mixed signal microcontrollers are common，integrating analog components needed to control non-digital electronic systems.
Some microcontrollers may use four-bit words and operate at clock rate frequencies as low as 4 kHz，for low power consumption (milliwattsor microwatts). They will generally have the ability to retain functionality while waiting for an event such as a button press or other interrupt；power consumption while sleeping (CPU clock and most peripherals off) may be just nanowatts，making many of them well suited for long lasting battery applications. Other microcontrollers may serve performance-critical roles，where they may need to act more like a digital signal processor (DSP)，with higher clock speeds and power consumption.
Embedded design
A microcontroller can be considered a self-contained system with a processor，memory and peripherals and can be used as an embedded system. The majority of microcontrollers in use today are embedded in other machinery，such as automobiles，telephones，appliances，and peripherals for computer systems. These are called embedded systems. While some embedded systems are very sophisticated，many have minimal requirements for memory and program length，with no operating system，and low software complexity. Typical input and output devices include switches，relays，solenoids，LEDs，small or custom LCD displays，radio frequency devices，and sensors for data such as temperature，humidity，light level etc. Embedded systems usually have no keyboard，screen，disks，printers，or other recognizable I/O devices of a personal computer，and may lack human interaction devices of any kind.
1．Interrupts
Microcontrollers must provide real time (predictable，though not necessarily fast) response to events in the embedded system they are controlling. When certain events occur，an interrupt system can signal the processor to suspend processing the current instruction sequence and to begin an interrupt service routine (ISR，or“interrupt handler”). The ISR will perform any processing required based on the source of the interrupt before returning to the original instruction sequence. Possible interrupt sources are device dependent，and often include events such as an internal timer overflow，completing an analog to digital conversion，a logic level change on an input such as from a button being pressed，and data received on a communication link. Where power consumption is important as in battery operated devices，interrupts may also wake a microcontroller from a low power sleep state where the processor is halted until required to do something by a peripheral event.
2．Programs
Microcontroller programs must fit in the available on-chip program memory，since it would be costly to provide a system with external，expandable，memory. Compilers and assemblers are used to convert high-level language and assembler language codes into a compact machine code for storage in the microcontroller’s memory. Depending on the device，the program memory may be permanent，read-only memory that can only be programmed at the factory，or program memory may be field-alterable flash or erasable read-only memory.
Higher integration
In contrast to general-purpose CPUs，micro-controllers may not implement an external address or data bus as they integrate RAM and non-volatile memory on the same chip as the CPU. Using fewer pins，the chip can be placed in a much smaller，cheaper package.
Integrating the memory and other peripherals on a single chip and testing them as a unit increases the cost of that chip，but often results in decreased net cost of the embedded system as a whole. Even if the cost of a CPU that has integrated peripherals is slightly more than the cost of a CPU and external peripherals，having fewer chips typically allows a smaller and cheaper circuit board，and reduces the labor required to assemble and test the circuit board.
This integration drastically reduces the number of chips and the amount of wiring and circuit board space that would be needed to produce equivalent systems using separate chips. Furthermore，on low pin count devices in particular，each pin may interface to several internal peripherals，with the pin function selected by software. This allows a part to be used in a wider variety of applications than if pins had dedicated functions. Micro-controllers have proved to be highly popular in embedded systems since their introduction in the 1970s.
Some microcontrollers use a Harvard architecture：separate memory buses for instructions and data，allowing accesses to take place concurrently. Where a Harvard architecture is used，instruction words for the processor may be a different bit size than the length of internal memory and registers；for example：12-bit instructions used with 8-bit data registers.
The decision of which peripheral to integrate is often difficult. The microcontroller vendors often trade operating frequencies and system design flexibility against time-to-market requirements from their customers and overall lower system cost. Manufacturers have to balance the need to minimize the chip size against additional functionality.
Microcontroller architectures vary widely. Some designs include general-purpose microprocessor cores，with one or more ROM，RAM，or I/O functions integrated onto the package. Other designs are purpose built for control applications. A micro-controller instruction set usually has many instructions intended for bit-wise operations to make control programs more compact. For example，a general purpose processor might require several instructions to test a bit in a register and branch if the bit is set，where a micro-controller could have a single instruction to provide that commonly-required function.
Microcontrollers typically do not have a math coprocessor，so floating point arithmetic is performed by software.
Programming environments
Microcontrollers were originally programmed only in assembly language，but various high-level programming languages are now also in common use to target microcontrollers. These languages are either designed specially for the purpose，or versions of general purpose languages such as the C programming language. Compilers for general purpose languages will typically have some restrictions as well as enhancements to better support the unique characteristics of microcontrollers. Some microcontrollers have environments to aid developing certain types of applications. Microcontroller vendors often make tools freely available to make it easier to adopt their hardware.
Many microcontrollers are so quirky that they effectively require their own non-standard dialects of C，such as SDCC for the 8051，which prevent using standard tools (such as code libraries or static analysis tools) even for code unrelated to hardware features. Interpreters are often used to hide such low level quirks.
Interpreter firmware is also available for some microcontrollers. For example，BASIC on the early microcontrollers Intel 8052；BASIC and FORTH on the Zilog Z8 as well as some modern devices. Typically these interpreters support i