八年级英语下册M3-M4知识点汇总.doc

M3
短语汇总:
be up to 正在做 ；忙于 make a model做一个模型 no problem没问题
the latest news最新的新闻 on the news 上新闻 several months几个月
be far away遥远的 in order to为了 space travel太空旅行
go online上网 search for information搜寻信息 hundreds of 成百上千的
millions of数百万的 hundreds of millions of数亿的 go around运转
solar system太阳系 far enough足够远 communicate with…和……联系
no one没有一个人 in space 在太空 on the earth 在地球上
in the universe 在宇宙中 a small part of …的一小部分 a large group of …的一个很大的群体
take photos 拍照 come back 回来 arrive at/in 到达 put up 挂起来
space station 太空站 decide to 决定去做 be interested in 对…感兴趣
知识点汇总
1. be up to doing sth = be busy doing sth.“忙于……，正在做……”。
拓展：be up to + sb. 取决于某人。
练习
I am busy doing my homework.
=___________________________________.
2. I haven’t started yet.
yet用于否定句和疑问句，意思是“还，尚”。not…yet的意思是“还没，尚未”，表示某事物在某一时间尚未发生，但未来也许会发生。
e.g. I have not learned any further information yet.
我还没得到进一步的信息
3. That’s why it’s on the news. 这就是它（宇宙飞船）上新闻的原因。
that is why…表示“这就是……的原因”
拓展：that's because后接某事发生的原因 
that's why 后接某事产生的结果 
例句：
I was late for school.That's because I met with an old friend on the way. 我上学迟到了,因为我在路上碰到一位老朋友 。
I met with an old friend on the way,and that's why I was late for school. 我在路上碰到一位老朋友,因此我上学迟到了。
4. hundreds of millions of years 上亿年的
hundred前加基数词，表示“一百、二百、三百……”，hundred要用单数形式；hundred与of连用表示“数百”时，hundred要用复数形式，即hundreds of。
类似的用法还有：thousand，million，billion。
练习：We planted _____ trees last year.
A. hundreds of B. hundred of
C. five hundreds D. five hundred of
5. none 指三个或三个以上的人或物中“没有一个”，其后常接“of +名词/代词”，后面动词单复数形式均可。
no one表示“没有人”，作主语时，谓语动词常用单数形式。
练习：None of us ____________ Sanya.
我们都没去过三亚。
6. in order to do sth in order not to do sth in order that
so that
We get up early in order to get to school on time.
= In order to get to school on time, we get up early .
= We get up early we can get to school on time.
= We get up early we can get to school on time.
7.dicover find invent
Can you find my lost dog？
Edison invented the light.
Who discovered the life on Mars?
语法汇总
现在完成时（2）
１. 当表示动作已经完成并对现在有一定影响时，我们一般用现在完成时来表达。此时，可以分别用just，already或yet加以强调或说明。
常与现在完成时连用的副词：already，just， yet，ever，never
l just 表示“刚刚”；already 表示“已经”，两者都用于肯定句中，一般置于have/has之后；
l yet则可用于否定句和疑问句中，在否定句中表示“还未”，有“以后可能会”的含义，而在疑问句中表示“已经”的意思。
l ever，never可用于否定句和疑问句中，在句中表示曾经，绝不的意思。
e.g.
1) I have just heard the news.
我刚听到消息。
2) Astronauts have already been to the moon.
宇航员已经去过月球了。
3) Man has not discovered any life in space yet.
人类尚未在太空中发现任何生命。
4) Have the children come home yet? 孩子们已经回家了吗？
5) Have you ever sung this English song？你曾唱过这首英文歌吗？
6) We have never heard about it. 我们从没听说过这事。

２. 现在完成时与一般过去时
1) 现在完成时表示该事件是在现在之前的某一个时间里发生的，重点在于强调已完成动作对现在的影响。
一般过去时表示在过去某一具体时间发生的事情。
e.g.
I have just been to London. I went there last month.
我刚去过伦敦，上个月去的。
2) 当没有明确的过去时间状语时，判断该用现在完成时还是一般过去时的标准是：看该行为是否对现在有影响。
A: Would you like to go and see the film with me tonight?
你今晚想和我去看电影吗？
B: Sorry, I have seen it already.
不好意思，我已经看过那部电影了。【已经看过了这部电影对现在的影响就是：电影看过了，所以不想再看了】
3.区分have/has been to have/has gone to have /has been in
have/has gone to 强调的是在去某地的路上或者还在某地，人还没回来。
have/has been to 强调的是去过某地，人已经回来了。
have /has been in 强调的是待在某地，后跟表示一段时间的状语
用have / has been to, have / has gone to或have / has been in填空。
1. Mr Black _____ Tokyo on business. You can leave a message.
2. He ________ China for five years.
3. They ______ the desert. They enjoyed themselves very much.
4. The Greens _______ Hangzhou for a trip. You can wait and visit them next weekend.
将括号中的单词放到下列句子中。
1. I have finished my homework. (already)
__________________________________________________.
2. He has come back from London. (just)
__________________________________________________.
范文欣赏：There is no life on Mars.But I want to live on Mars. I think it’s really wonderful to live on Mars. It’s more comfortable and interesting than that on earth.
On Mars, we’ll have online schools. We can communicate with our teachers and classmates on the Internet. We’ll have many robots and they can help us do most housework. So we’ll have much time for our hobbies. By the way, Mars is very beautiful.There are many green trees and colourful flowers everywhere. There is no pollution.
In a word, we have a happy life on Mars.
M4
短语汇总
be harmful to对…有伤害 stomach ache 胃痛； 腹痛how long 多长时间
catch a cold感冒 take one’s temperature量某人的体温 In front of 在……前面
fast food快餐食品 look after照顾； 照看 be ill 生病 three times a day 一天三次
do erercise 做运动，锻炼visit/see the doctor 看医生 take the medicine 吃药
take a dog for a walk 遛狗 take part in sth参与；参加 in excellent condition健康状况良好
get to work开始工作 go for a run去跑步 feel awful感到不舒服 all over浑身；到处
too…to 太…而不能… start doing sth = start to do sth= begin doing= begin to do 开始做某事
at first 起初 get a pain 疼痛 too much 太多
from time to time 有时 get fit 变得健康 turn off 关上
set up 成立 deleloping countries 发展中国家 take care of 照顾
知识点汇总
1. Let me take your temperature… 我给你量一下体温。
take one’s temperature 量体温
take one’s blood pressure 量血压
take the medicine 吃药
take drugs 吸毒
2. exercise
做练习，习题是不可数名字，做锻炼意思时是不可数名词。
e.g. do more exercise 锻炼
The book has exercises 这本书有很多练习。
3. Now I get exercise by taking him for a walk every day.
现在我每天借着遛狗运动一下。
by doing sth. 表示“通过某种方式”。
练习：你可以通过跑步变得健康。
_____________________________________________________________
4. in excellent condition或in condition表示“健康状况良好”。
相反：out of condition则指“健康状况不佳”
5. Why don’t we go for a run before school? 上学前我们跑跑步吧？
Why don’t you/we…?和Why not…?意为“你为什么不做……呢？”用来向别人提建议，后面接动词原形。
练习：
_________________ buy a book for your father? 为什么不买本书给你爸爸呢？
6.too..to so..that .. …enough to do sth
The boy is too young to ride a bike.
= The boy is so young that he can’t ride abike.
=The boy is not old enough to ride a bike.
7. too much much too too many
He has homework to do.
I have friends here.
The books are dear for me.
The meat is delicious. Don’t eat .
Watching TV is bad for your healthy.

语法汇总
现在完成时（３）
１. 现在完成时可以表示某一行为或状态从过去某一时间一直持续到现在。
这类句子中的时间状语通常由for或since引导。
for后接一段时间，如 for a long time, for five years 等；
since后多接表过去的时间点，如 since August 2003，since yesterday, since two o’clock等。
在对现在完成时的时间状语进行提问时，我们常用how long。
例句：
I have lived in Beijing for 10 years. 我在北京住了10年了。
I have been in this school since 2000. 从2000年起我就一直在这所学校。
How long have you been like this?　你这个样子有多久了？
２. 在现在完成时的句子中，表示持续的动作或状态时，动词通常与表示时间段的时间状语连用；而表示动作已经完成时，点动词(终止性动词) 不能与表示延续(时间段)的时间状语连用。
比如：汤姆已经来了两小时了。
(×)Tom has come for two hours.
(√)Tom has been here for two hours.还可以有如下表达：
It’s two hours since he came.
Two hours has passed since he came.
３. 终止性动词可以和延续性动词进行转换。
(1) 转化为“be+形容词/副词等”。
die → be dead leave → be away (from) open/close → be open/closed
stop → be over arrive in (at)/reach/get to → be in/at join → be a member of/be in
start/begin → be on
(2) 转化为意思相同的延续性动词。
borrow → keep buy → have
become/come →be get to know →know
练习
I.用所给动词的适当形式填空。
１.I____ already ____ (see) the film. I ___ (see) it last week.
２.___ he ____(finish) his work today ? Not yet .
３.Shanghai ___ (be) a small town hundreds of years ago. Now it ____ (become) a large city.
４.I ____ (work) here since I ____ (move) here in 1999.
５.How long ____ the Wangs ____(stay) here ? For two weeks.
II.句型转换(每空一词)。
1. I have been to Macau before.(改为否定句)
I ___ ____ been to Macau before.
2.He hasn’t come to school because he’s ill (就划线部分提问)
____ _____ he come to school?
3.He has learned English for 5 years.(就划线部分提问)
____ ___ ____ ____ learned English ?
写作：假设你的朋友Amy发邮件对你说她很累，上课总不能集中精力听课，请你回一封电子邮件，谈谈你的建议。
Dear Amy,
I’m sorry to hear that you often feel tired and can’t listen to your teacher carefully. Let me give you some advice.
First, you should eat breakfast every day. Eating breakfast can help you study well.Eat more fruits and vegetables, don’t eat fast food. Then you should take more exercise after school. You’d better do sports an hour every day.Doing exercise can make you keep healthy. It’s also important to have eight or nine hours’ sleep every night. Good sleep can make you feel well. Try to have a healthy lifestyle and then you can study well.
I hope these can help you.
Yours
Tim

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