历年(1999)考研英语真题阅读详解.pdf
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1、1999年阅读真题精解(2011-05-30 10:22:15)转载标签:黄涛考研真题答案教育分类:阅读 篇1999 Text 1Its a rough world out there.Step outside and you could break a leg slipping on your doormat.Light up the stove and you could burn down the house.Luckily,if the doormat or stove failed to warn of coming disaster,a successful lawsuit mig
2、ht compensate you for your troubles.Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s,when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers misfortunes.外面是一个危险的世界。如果你走出去,可能会滑倒在门垫上,摔伤一条腿。如果你点燃炉 灶,可能会把房子烧掉。但是假如门垫或炉灶上没有警示语告诉你可能发生的危害,那么你 或许可以就自己所受的伤害通过法律诉讼,成功地获得赔偿。大约自80年代初以来人们就 不再(guangxia
3、n注:此处“不再”二字应删除!)这样认为了,当时陪审团已开始认为更多 的公司应对其顾客所遭受的不幸负责。Feeling threatened,companies responded by writing ever-longer warning labels,trying to anticipate every possible accident.Today,stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn,among other things,that you might surprise!fall off.The label on
4、a childs Batman cape cautions that the toy does not enable user to fly.公司因此感到了威胁,便做出了反应,写出越来越长的警示标识语,力图预先标明种种可能 发生的事故。现在,梯子上警告标签有几英寸长,除了警告你其他可能发生的意外情况外,还警告你可能会摔下来,简直是莫名其妙!印在儿童蝙蝠侠披风上的标识语竟然也告诫说,本玩具“无法让用户飞行二虽然警示语常常是合理而必要的,如对药物副作用而产生的危险的警示语,并且很多是州或 联邦法规所要求的,但是当消费者受伤,这些警示语能否真正保护制造商和销售商使之免于 责任,这还很难说。被受伤的消
5、费者告上法庭的公司中,大约一半的情况是公司败诉。现在看来这种趋势正在转变。尽管个人伤害的指控一如既往地继续着,但有些法庭已开 始站到被告一方,特别是在处理那些有警示语也无法避免伤害的案件时。五月份,伊利诺斯 州的Shutt体育公司总裁朱利尼蒙斯就成功地打赢了这样一场官司。一名橄榄球队员戴着 该公司的头盔在一场比赛中受伤瘫痪,遂将该公司告上法庭。公司总裁朱利尼蒙斯说:“他 成了瘫痪,我们非常难过,但头盔的设计不是为了预防这类伤害的。”陪审团也认为造成该 运动员受伤的是这项运动本身的危险性,而不是头盔。与此同时,美国法学会一一该学会由 一群举足轻重的法官、律师、学者所组成一一签署了新的民事侵害法纲
6、要,宣布公司不必警 示顾客那些显而易见的危险,或者给顾客列出一份冗长的可能造成的危险的清单。康奈尔大 学法学院一位参与起草新纲要的教授说,“重要的信息会淹没在细枝末节的汪洋之中:如果 该法律团体的这一适中的目的能够实现,产品上提供的警示信息实际上是用来保护消费者利 益的,而不是为了避免公司承担法律责任的。While warnings are often appropriate and necessary-the dangers of drug interactions,for example-and many are required by state or federal regulatio
7、ns,it isnt clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers frpm liability if a customer is injured.About 50 percent of the companies lose when injured customers take them to court.Now the tide appears to be turning.As personal injury claims continue as before,some courts are beginning
8、 to side with defendants,especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldnt have changed anything.In May,Julie Nimmons,president of Schutt Sports in Illinois,successfully fought a lawsuit involving a football player who was paralyzed in a game while wearing a Schutt helmet.Were really sorry
9、he has become paralyzed,but helmets arent designed to prevent those kinds of injuries,says Nimmons.The jury agreed that the nature of the game,not the helmet,was the reason for the athletes injury.At the same time,the American Law Institute-a group of judges,lawyers,and academics whose recommendatio
10、ns carry substantial weight issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones.Important information can get buried in a sea of trivialities,says a law professor at Cornell Law School who helped dr
11、aft the new guidelines.If the moderate end of the legal community has its way,the information on products might actually be provided for the benefit of customers and not as protection against legal liability.51.What were things like in 1980s when accidents happened?A Customers might be relieved of t
12、heir disasters through lawsuits.B Injured customers could expect protection from the legal system.C Companies would avoid being sued by providing new warnings.D Juries tended to find fault with the compensations companies promised.52.Manufacturers as mentioned in the passage tend to.A|satisfy custom
13、ers by writing long warnings on productsB become honest in describing the inadequacies of their productsC make the best use of labels to avoid legal liabilityD|feel obliged to view customers safety as their first concern53.The case of Schutt helmet demonstrated that.A some injury claims were no long
14、er supported by lawB helmets were not designed to prevent injuriesC product labels would eventually be discardedD some sports games might lose popularity with athletes54.The authors attitude towards the issue seems to be.AJ biased BJ indifferentC puzzling D objective核心词汇1.rough粗糙的,不平坦的;粗野的;tough艰巨的;
15、艰难的2.step 走3.slip滑到4.light up 点燃5.bum down 烧毁6.fail to 没有7.lawsuit=suit 起诉;诉讼pensate for为作出补偿9.jury陪审团10.hold sb.liable for 让对负责11.misfortune 不幸12.respond做出反应13.warning labels 警告标识14.caution 警告15.while尽管,而,当时候16.appropriate 合适的17.interaction 相互作用18.regulation 规则19.claim 索赔20.side with 支持21.defendant
16、 被告;22.involving 涉及到23.paralyze 瘫痪24.nature 本质;by nature 天性25.carry substantial weight 具有相当的分量26.issue发布了;发行了27.bombard with 大量提供28.a sea of大量的29.trivialities 琐事30.end目的31.have one,s way 得以实现32.legal liability 法律责任33.misfortune难句精解While warnings are often appropriate and necessary 一 the dangers of d
17、rug interactions,for example 一 and many are required by state or federal regulations,it isnt clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured.在这个主从复合句中,前一个分句是由while引导的让步从句,这个从句由两个并列 句组成,中间用and连接。破折号之间的部分是举例说明warnings的内容,and后面的many 省略了 warnings,st
18、ate与federal共用regulations。主句部分本身也是一个主从复合句,主句 用了一个形式主语it,真正的主语是that引导的从句,注意这个从句中有个动词短语protect.from.,后面是一个if引导的条件从句。首先要把握这个句子的主旨,那就是主句中所阐明的warnings对manufacturers and sellers的保护作用还很不明朗。注意破折号之间的部分对warnings的解释作用以及it作为形 式主语的替代作用。As personal injury claims continue as before,some courts are beginning to side
19、 with defendants,especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldnt have changed anything.在这个主从复合句中,前一个分句是由as引导的伴随状语从句,注意这里的claims 是个名词;主句的时态用的是现在进行时,表示的这种状况正在开始。这个主句有一个较长 的状语短语,原因是cases后面跟了一个where引导的定语从句修饰cases,这个定语从句的 主干是 warning label not change anything,解释的是什么样的 caseso主句依然是抓住句子大意的关键,该句所要
20、表达的就是some courts beginning to side with defendants,再者要注意cases后面定语从句指出了哪类cases尤为如此。In May,Julie Nimmons,president of Schutt Sports in Illinois,successfully fought a lawsuit involving a football player who was paralyzed in a game while wearing a Schutt helmet.这个句子的主干是president.successfully fought a la
21、wsuit.o 句子的主语是 Julie Nimmons,后面逗号之间的部分是她的职位,宾语部分a lawsuit有一个较长的动词现在分词 involving所引导的短语,involving的宾语是a football player,后面跟了一个who引导的定 语从句,这个定语从句中有一个while引导的时间状语,还原成句子就是while he was wearing a Schutt helmeto 找出其中的关键部分:president of Schutt.successfully fought a lawsuit involving a football player.paralyzed
22、.while wearing a Schutt helmetoAt the same time,the American Law Institute 一 a group of judges,lawyers,and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight 一 issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy li
23、st of possible ones.这个看起来很长的句子其实是一个简单句,主干是.the.Institute.issued new guidelines for tort law.o其中破折号之间的内容说明的是这个Institute的人员构成,并且用 一个whose引导的定语从句说明了这些成员的权威。law后面跟的现在分词stating有一个相 当长的宾语从句,这个从句的主语是companies,而谓语有两个动词结构,一个是warn.of.,另一个是 bombard.with.,叙述了 guidelines 的内容。这个句子的要点是在stating后面的that从句,对其中两个动词结构wa
24、rn.of和 bombard.with.的正确理解决定了对整个句子的理解。If the moderate end of the legal community has its way,the information on products might actually be provided for the benefit of customers and not as protection against legal liability.在这个复合句中,if引导的是一个条件从句,主句部分的谓语用了被动形式,谓语动 词 provide for 有两个宾语,一1、是 the benefits o
25、f customers,另 一1、是 protection against legal liability,not决定了两者的取舍关系:取前者,舍后者。从句给出了前提条件,注意has its way的意思是can be achieved;理解主句部分的关 键在于provide for的两个宾语的取舍关系。补充:Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s 中的 thinking 是一种思想的意思,指的是上面所说过的人们对于通过法律获得赔偿的思想。gone本意是消失,这里可以意译 为改变,就是说这种思想已经改变。但是我个人觉得,从前后文看,这
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- 历年 1999 考研 英语 阅读 详解
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