新托福阅读强化课程讲义.pdf

1.托福iBT阅读概况：新托福阅读文章的最新变化(1)新TOEFL加了标题(2)文章长度明显发生变化(3)题材多种多样(4)文章出题的顺序与文章行文顺序基本一致(5)新TOEFL特别侧重对句子和段落的考察(6)新TOEFL比老TOEFL在题型方面有变化一新增了 5大类题型(7)题目多为客观题，基本上都可以在原文中找到答案对应点 2.新托福阅读文章的结构。(1)学术性议论文常见结构:1、Introduction:Backgroundinformation;topic2、Body(mainbody):Subtopicl,2,3；analysis&evidence3、Conclusion:Restatethetopic(2)托福阅读文章的结构1.Classi行cation2.Comparison&Coiitrast3.Cause&Effect4.Problem&Sohition5.Chronological6.Listing7.GeneraltrSpecific3.影响新托福阅读的几大因素。1.单词量2.国组3.记忆力.24.阅读速度5.MM6.文章的题材和背景二.托福阅读题型解题技巧。1.词汇题(vocabularyinthecontext)词汇类问题要求你确定文章中一个名词或短语的具体意思(一个单词 可能会有多个意思，但是在阅读文章中却只一个意思与原文相符)。l.Thewordaccordinglyinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto(A)nevertheless(B)consequently(C)considerable(D)e ven tu allyl.Thewordadministeredinthefollowingsentenceisclosestinmeaningto(A)managed(B)documented(C)conflicting.3)acceptableItissaidthatthenationalMarineSanctuariesProgramisadministeredbyth eNationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdmiiiistration,whichisiiotedforits strictregulation.S.l.Thewordsurgeinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto(A)sharpincrease(B)suddenimpede(C)importantalteration(D)overloadquantityThehighdemandofcottonledtotherapidspreadofthecultivationofcotton andtoasurgeintheproductionofcotton.3.2.Theword(meticulouslyinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto(A)profoundly(B)originally(C)carefully(D)absolutelyPrehistoricpottersmeticulouslypoundedtheclayandmixedwithwaterto makeitentirelyevenintexture.Bycarefulkneading,theyremovedtheairb ubblesandmadetheclayasplasticaspossible.4.1.Thewordaalaborious,inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto(A)unknown(B)primordial(C)skillful(D)difficultTheskillofthecultivationofcottonwasgreatlyimprovedinthel9thcentury,cottoncouldbegrownthroughouttheSouth,butseparatingthefiberfromt heseedwasalaboriousprocess.4.2.Theword66pits,inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto(A)periods(B)scandals(C)fruits(D)holesHistoriansfoundthattheAnasazihouseswereoriginallybuiltinpitsandwe reenteredfromtheroof.Butaroundtheyear700A.D.,theAnasazibeganto buildtheirhomesaboveground.S.l.Thephraseforward-lookinginthepassageisclosestinmeaningto.5(A)progressive(B)well-liked(C)frugal(D)deep-rootedRefrigeratorwasusedbysomefbrward-lookingcitybusinessmenwhoarefo undinfreshmeat,freshfish,andbutterbusiness.S.l.ThephrasehingedonfMnthepassageisclosestinmeaningto(A)wellagain(B)dependedon(C)ongoing(D)describeEconomicgrowthhingedonseveralfactors,whichisafactthateveryonekn ows.S.S.ThephraseregardlessoPinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto(A)dowithout(B)nomatterwhat(C)self-righteousof.6)dependentFarmers,forinstance,founditconvenieiittolocatetheirshelterneartheirfi eld,regardlessofitsrelationtothecenterofmarket.b.l.Thewordunprecedentedinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto(A)deliberate(B)lucrative(C)notseenbefdre(D)unqualifiedThegrowingmarketforcottonandotherAmericanagriculturalproductsl edtoanunprecedentedexpansionofagriculturalsettlement.6.2.Theword64rudimentary,inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto(A)emergent(B)undeveloped(C)essential(D)monotonousT.l.Thewordperipheryinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto(A)height.7(B)landmass(C)warmenvironment(D)outeredgeIntheearly20 century,tlierearemanymarineprotected-areaprograms,s uchasmarineparks,reserves,andpreserves,existaroundtheperipheryoft heCaribbeanSea.T.l.Thewordboostedinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto(A)guaranteed(B)raised(C)prearranged)depressedIndustrialinnovationsandnewtechnologicalbreakthroughsinmanufact uringboostedoutputandlivingstandardstoanunprecedentedextent.S.thewordengagedinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto(A)qualified(B)hired(C)deciphered.8(D)estimatedInl935,themembersofthegoverningboardoftheUniversityofMichigan,e ngagedafirmoflandscapearchitectstodesigntheappropriatelayoutforth efuturecampus.Exercise 1 TheParasiticplantsAparasiticplantisonethatderivessomeorallofitssustenancefromanother plant.About4,100speciesinapproximatelyl9familiesoffloweringplantsa reknown.Parasiticplantshaveamodifiedroot,thehaustorium,thatmakei tswayintothehostplant.Parasiticplantscansurvivebyusingfoodproduce dbyhostplants.Becausetheydonotneedsuiilighttosurvive,parasiticplaiit saregenerallyfoundinumbrageousareasratherthaninareasexposedtodir ectsunlight.Parasiticplantsattachthemselvestohostplants,ofteiitotheste msorroots,bymeansofhaustoria,whichtheparasiteusestopenetrateintothe foodchannelsofthehostplantandabsorbthenutrientsthatitneedstosurviv efromthehostplant.TheworldheaviestflowerspeciesofrafflesiaJsapa rasitethatflourishesamong,andlivesoffof,therootsofjunglevmes.Eachof theseponderousbloomscanweighuptol5pounds(7kg)andcanmeasureup to3feet(lm)across.l.Thewordderiveinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto(A)maintain.9(B)obtain(C)detract(D)overestimate2.Thewordapproximatelyinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto(A)considerable(B)closely(C)Frugal(D)dramatically3.Thewordumbrageousinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto(A)moist(B)welllit(C)shaded(D)buried4.Thewordattachtointhepassageisclosestinmeaningto(A)detached(B)adhereto.10(C)feeble(D)devastate5.Haustoriainthepassageisclosestinmeaningto(A)offshootsfromtheparasite(B)seedsofthehostplant(C)fruitsfromthehostplant(D)foodfortheparasite6.Thephrasepenetrateintointhepassageisclosestinmeaningto(A)develop(B)make way into(C)outline(D)eat7.Thewordabsorbinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto(A)suck(B)afflict(C)coax.11(D)embody 8.Thewordflourishinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto(A)extinct(B)fertilize(C)thrive)dormant9.Thewordponderousinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto(A)smelly(B)hidden(C)mature(D)heavylO.Thewordacrossinthepassagecouldbestbereplacedby(A)indiameter(B)ontheotherside(C)atadistance(D)insideandout.121.后指代前(1)在主从复合句中或者是相邻的两句话中，后半句话的代词主语 经常指代前半句话的名词主语。(2)如果一句话中有两个并列的及物动词，第二个动词后面的代词 宾语经常指代前一个动词后面的名词宾语。(3)所有格代词经常指代它前面位置上最接近的名词(4)平行结构 othersa/an.onenotonly.butalso.(5)多重指代(6)fromthere经常指代前面位置上最接近的地点名词(7)注意代词指代的主动与被动关系(8)注意代词指代中的单复数问题(9)定语从句的引导词that经常指代前面位置上最近的名词指代练习题：、1.Whensmallfishventuretooclosetothetentaclesofthese66livingflowers,?theyarestungandeaten.2.Themalesealsdonotjourneysofar.Theyswimonlytotheislandsandthe rethecyclebeginsagain.133.Themountainsummitisbroadandrounded.ItislOfeetaboveseal evelandhasanareaofaboutonesquaremile.4.Althoughwagontrainshadbeenusedtohaulfreightandpassengersbet weentheEasternseaboardandtheOhioValleysincel812,theywerefirstus edextensivelyinthelSZOontheSantaFeTraiL-、5.Theclownfishevenbuildsitsnestwheretheanemonecanprotectit.6.X-raysallowarthistorianstoexaminepaintingsinternallywithoutdam agingthem.二、7.Floristsoftenrefrigeratecutflowerstoprotecttheirfreshappearance.四、8.Someoftheirbasketswerecompletelycoveredwithshellpendants;othe rswithfeathersthatmadethebasketsurfacesassoftasthebreastsofbirds.9.Someskilledcraftspeoplemadeintricatelycarvedwoodenornamentat ionsforfurnitureorarchitecturaldecorations,whileotherscarvedwoode nshopsignsandships9figureheads.10.Manyadults,pooranddisillusionedwithfarmlife,wereluredtothecit iesbypromisesofsteadyemployment,regularpaychecks,increasedaccess.14togoodsandservices,andexpandedsocialopportunities.Otherswerepush edtherewhennewtechnologiesmadetheirlaborcheaporexpendable.11.Somespecies,forexample,beginbydroppingtheoutermostprimaryf eathersoneachsideandwaituntilthereplacementfeathersareaboutone-t hirdgrownbeforesheddingthenextoutermost,andsoon.Othersalwaysst artwiththeinnermostprimaryfeathersandworkoutward.12.TheprincipaldifferencebetweenurbangrowthinEuropeandintheN orthAmericancolonieswastheslowevolutionofcitiesintheformerandthei rrapidgrowthinthelatter.InEuropetheygrewoveraperiodofcenturiesfro mtowneconomiestotheirpresenturbanstructures.InNorthAmerica,the ystartedaswildernesscommunitiesanddevelopedtomatureurbanismiiili ttlemorethanacentury.13.Aheavytimbercalledthemanteltreewasusedasalinteltosupportthes toneworkabovethefireplaceopening.Thistimbermightbescorchedoccas ionally,butitwasfarenoughinfrontoftherisingcolumnofheattobesafefro mcatchingfire.14.Powershovelspickupthepiecesoforeandloadthemintotrucksororetr ains.15.YasuoKuniyashiwasborninJapaniiil883andstudiedartattheLosAii gelsSchoolofArtandDesign.HealsostudiedartinNeworkCity,wherehe.15gavehisfirstone-manshow.Inl925hemovedfromyieretoPariswherehew asinfluencedbytheworksofChagallandotherartists.16.Inthepast,biologistsconsideredmushroomsandotherfungiasatypeof non-greenplant.Today,however,theyaremostcommonlyregardedasase paratekingdomoflivingthings.17.Afterelectronmicroscopeswereinvented,scientistsfoundmanynewv inises.SomeofthemwereroundSomeovaLaiidsomecorkscrew-shaped.18.Theenergycontentoffoodisstoredinthechemicalbondsthatlinkitsat omsandmolecules.19.Whencloudsreachasaturationpoint,orthepointatwhichtheycannol ongercontaintheirmoisture,thedropletsfalltoearthasrainorsnow.20.Somelimestonesarefossilizedcorals;others,knownastufa,arederive dfrommossesandotherplantsthatgrowbesidehotsprings.21.Agooddropshotisasurewinnei;butabadoneisequallycertaindisaste r.Exercise 1ThemysteriousdepopulationoftheNativeAmericansUntiIthecomingoftheEuropeans,theNewWorldwasfreeofsmallpox,typ.16hus,cholera,andmeasles.WhenCortezcametoinvadeMexico,hehadwith himasilentallymorepotentthanhissmallSpanisharmy.Thatinsidiousally wasinfectiousdisease,towhichAztecsandotherNativeAmericanshadnoi mmunity.WhenhefinallyenteredTenochtitlan(MexicoCitytoday)inl520,theyeara fterhefirstarrivedintheNewWorld,hefoundhalfoftheinhabitantsinfecte dwithsmallpox.Injustthefirstepidemic,nearIy50%ofthemhaddied.Elev enyearsIater,asecondepidemicdevastatedMexico,andthistoowasintrod ucedfromSpanishships.Byl595,overl8millionpeoplehaddiedofsmallpo x,mumps,measlesandotherEuropeandiseases.TheNativeAmericanswerealienatedfromAsia,Africa,andEuropebyrisi ngoceansfollowingtheIceAges,and,asaresult,theywereisolatedbymeans ofthiswateryobstaclefromseveralvirulentepidemicdiseasesthathaddev elopedacrosstheocean,suchassmallpox.Thisviraldiseaseisrelativelyrec entinhumanhistoryandisbelievedtohavecomefromcattleorpossiblymo nkeys.Smallpoxisaclassicepidemicdiseasethatwassustainableonlybylar gehumanpopulations.ItprobablyoriginatedintheareaaroundtheCaspia nSea.ItbecameepidemicthroughoutEuropefollowingtheCrusades,and wasbroughttotheNewWorldseveraltimesbyexplorers.Epidemicafterep idemicsweptEuropefollowingtheCrusadesduringtheMiddleAges.Itkill edonethirdofthepeopleandproducingpermanentpockmarksinanothert.17hirdofitsvictims.ThevirussurvivestodayinfreezerslocatedinAtlanta(Ce nterforDiseaseControl)andKoltsovo,Russia(nearMoscow).Thoselabor atoryspecimensweredueforincinerationiiiJune,1995,buttheywereprese rvedbytheWorldHealthOrganizationintheinterestofresearch.Smallpoxcontributedtoanincredibledeclineinthepopulaceofnativeinha bitants,onethathasbeenestimatedatasmuchasan20percentdecreaseofth enativepopulation.1.Thewordheinthepassagerefersto(A)smallpox(B)measles(C)Cortez(D)choleral.Thewordtheminthepassagerefersto(A)thelceAges(B)theinhabitants(C)epidemicdiseases.18(D)risingoceans3.Thewordtheyinthepassagerefersto(A)thenativeAmericans(B)epidemicdiseases(C)risingoceans)thelceAges4.Thewordthatinthepassagerefersto(A)N ativeAmericans(B)Virulentepidemicdiseases(C)IceAges(D)theinhabitants5.Theworditinthepassagerefersto(A)monkey(B)disease(C)population.19(D)Smallpox6.Thewordtheyinthepassagerefersto(A)marks(B)thelaboratoryspecimens(C)survives)people7.Thewordoneinthepassagerefersto(A)avirginsoilepidemic(B)anunbelievabledecline(C)thepopulationofnativeinhabitants(D)thearrivalofEuropeans词汇：invade侵略入侵potent强大的有潜力的immunity免疫性免疫力inhabitants 居民infected 感染devastated破坏袭击.20alienated疏远隔离 obstacle阻碍障碍 virulent致命的可怕的 relatively相对的相应的 sustainable可持续的permanent永久性的永久的virus病毒specimen 样本incineration毁灭烧毁焚毁 preserve保存保留incredible难以置信的令人无法相信的decrease 减少细节题Exercise 1 HouseconstructioninAmericaHouseconstructioninAmericaintheearlyl800s,evenaseeminglysimplel ogbuilding,requiredalargenumberoftoolsthatnoteveryonewouldhaveo wnedorknownhowtousewell.EdwardHazenlSSTPanoramaofProfessi ons,intendedtoinstructyoungboysintheircareers,describesninedifferen tbuildingtrades:architect,brickmaker,bricklayer;carpentei;glazier,joi.21ner,paintei;plasterer,andstonemasoii.Scott,sl826IndianaGazetteerrec ordsthatfourofthesetrades,bricklayei;carpeiitei;plasterer,andstonema sonswererepresentedinlndianapolis,thenatownofabout800inhabitants.Othernecessarycraftsmensuchasbrickmakersmayhavebeenitinerants.Intheearlynineteenthcenturywrittenagreementsbetweenthebuilderan downerweresimple,informalaffairs,oftenaone-pagecontractinwhichde signspecificationsweresummedupbysayingthatthehousewastobebuilt66 inagoodandworkmanlikemanner.HAccompaniedbyasimplelistofoveral ldimensionsandperhapsacrudesketch,therestofthedetailswerelefttotru st.Mostofthecontractsrequiredtheownertoobtainmaterialsforthebuild er.Theconstructiondeadlinewasnotedanditwascommonforpaymenttob emadeinthreeinstallments.Insomecases,theworkmenwereilliterateands ignedwithanx.Aroundtheageofeightornine,ayoungboycouldbeapprenticedtoamaster craftsman.Thestandardwordingofthecontractbetweentheboyfathera ndthemastei;boundtheboy6atolearntheart,trade,mysteryoroccupation Hoftheselectedtrade.Inexchangefortheboy,sfreelaborforaspecifiednu mberofyears,themasterprovidedroom,board,andschoolinginreadinga ndarithmetic.DuringtheperiodmostglasswasimportedfromEnglandandFrance.Aco mmonmisconceptionisthatthelocalblacksmithwouldhavemadeallofthe.22hardwareforahouse.VirtuallyallhardwareusedinAmericauntilaboutlS 25wasmadeinGreatBritain.Afterthat,Americanhinges,locks,nails,and otherhardwarewereproducedinlargefactoriesandoftenshippedgreatdi stances.l.WhatdidthehouseconstructioninAmericaintheearlyl800srequire?(a)buildingtrades(b)alargenumberoftools(c)buildingapprenticeships(d)buildingcontracts2.WhichofthefollowingtradeswasrepresentedinIndianapolisinthel820 s?(a)joiner(b)brickmaker(c)bricklayer(d)painter3.Whowillprovidethebuildingmaterials?(a)designer.23(b)builder(c)carpenter(d)owner4.Whataboutpaymentofthebuilder?(a)becausecontractswereoftensimpleinformalaffairs,thebuilderhadno wayofensuringpaymentwouldbemade(b)paymentswereprobablymadeatthebeginning,middle,andendofbuilding(c)becausemanyworkmenwereilliterate,theydidnotunderstandhowtou sethepaymentstoensuretheymadeaprofitfrombuildingthehouse(builderswerentrustedtobuythematerialsthemselvesndsotheywer eonlypaidfortheirlabor5.Whatdidanapprenticegivethemastercraftsmanashispartofthecontra ctexchange?(a)freelabor(b)education(c)thefathersguarantee(d)nothing.246.Wheredidthehardwareofthelocalblacksmithcomefrom?(a)America(b)theGreatBritain(c)NewYork(d)ParisExercise2 PatentmedicinePatentmedicineusedinAmericadatesbacktotheearlydaysoftheRepublic,whendrugsimportedfromEuropeweresoldbypostmasters,goldsmiths,grocers,andtailors.TheiruseexpandedduringtheJacksonianeraasAmer icansrebelledagainsttraditionaldoctorsandenthusiasticallyendorsedqu ackery.Increasingurbanizationandindustrializationalsofedthemarketf orpatentmedicines,asnewdrugswereneededtocombatepidemics.Butthe sesales,bymid-century,wereduetotwonon-medicalevents.Patentlegislationinl793madeitpossibleformanufacturestoprotecttheir productagainstcounterfeiters.Butmostmanufacturersdidnotseekpaten tsontheformulasfortheirmedicines,sincethesewereoftencombinationso fcommonproductslikealcoholandvegetableextractswhichtheypreferre dnottoreveaLInstead,theysoughtpatentsontheshapeofthebottle,promot.25ionalmaterials,andlabelinformation.T